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discover
to find
Explore
to travel around a new, unknown place to see what it is like
invade
to enter by force in order to take over
colonize
to make settlements in a new place, to form colonies
trade
Exchange of goods and services
Saga
a long story, often telling the history of a family
Northwest Passage
a waterway through or around North America to Asia
Doctrine of Discovery
Europeans gained power and legal rights over indigenous non-christian peoples immediately upon their discovery by europeans. Discovery gave an exclusive right to extinguish the Indigenous title of occupancy, either by purchase or by conquest.
Terra Nullius
empty land
Guns, Germs, and Steel
3 biggest factors in European conquest of Indians. Europeans got guns and steel from Asia via trade, and iron deposits. Europeans had better technology than Indians. Europeans had higher population to manufacture specialize in making things that would help them defeat Indians. Europeans brought over disease: syphillis, smallpox flu that wiped out, disorganized tribes.
Slavery
the condition of being owned by another person and being made to work without wages
Indentured Servitude
labor under contract to an employer for a fixed period of time, typically three to seven years, in exchange for their transportation, food, clothing, lodging and other necessities. Often used in the late 19th and early 20th century as a replacement of slave labor, but with fairly similar exploitative working conditions. Laborers were often transported thousands of miles and could not easily afford to return home.
Human Trafficking
the illegal movement of people, typically for the purposes of forced labor
Seigneurial System
the system of landholding in New France; seigneurs were given estates and responsibilities to settle the land and oversee its administration
governor
The appointed leader of a colony, representing the crown, concerned with military leadership. Usually on a short term assignment, with no incentive to listen to subjects.
Intendant
A French government official appointed by the monarch to collect taxes and administer justice
Seigneurs
Men in New France given land in exchange for loyalty to the crown and recruiting settlers
Habitants
Farmers who lived on seigneuries and farmed it in exchange for taxes and corvée.
Engagés
Settlers in the French colonies of North America who agreed to serve a master for a certain amount of time in exchange for a passage to the New World; Indentured servants populated the New World, reshaping the population of the Americas.
Immigration
Migration to a new location
Emigration
Migration from a location
Persecution
mistreatment or punishment of a group of people because of their beliefs
Opportunity
a chance to do something
Settler
a person who settles in a new colony or moves into new country
Fur Trade
The trading of animal pelts (especially beaver skins) by Indigenous Peoples for European goods in North America.
Country Wives
fur trader's Indigenous or Metis common-law wife
Métis
People of mixed French and Indigenous heritage with distinct linguistic and cultural ties to the Red River Valley
Filles du Roi
young women, often orphans in the care of the Church or street workers, sent to marry settlers in New France
Lord Selkirk
A Scottish philanthropist who sponsored immigrant settlements in Canada at the Red River Colony
Coffin Ship
a death ship; disease and death were common on cargo vessels used to carry passengers at this time
Alliance
a joining together for some common purpose
Guerilla
type of fighting in which soldiers use swift hit-and-run attacks against the enemy
Treaty
A formal agreement between two or more sovereign nations
Seven Years' War
(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indigenous allies and the English.
Obwandiyag
Indigenous resistance leader who led attacks against the British after the Seven Years' War
Treaty of Paris
Ended the Seven Years' War and made the people of New France British Subjects
Royal Proclamation of 1763
Declare French Catholics couldn't be in the new government, replaced French law with British law, and required treaties to be made with Indigenous peoples.
Treaty of Niagara
24 nations agree to share territory with the British, and negotiate Indigenous rights (ignored by the British)
Colony
a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country, typically a distant one, and occupied by settlers from that country.
Upper Canada
British colony "up" the St. Lawrence, mostly English speaking
Lower Canada
British colony "down" the St. Lawrence, mostly French speaking
Manifest Destiny
A belief that Americans were divinely blessed to spread across all of North America
Great Coalition
George Brown, John A MacDonald and George-Étienne Cartier partnered together.
Appointee
a person to whom a job or role is assigned
Annexation
The adding of a region to the territory of an existing political unit.
Commonwealth
A self-governing territory associated with another country (motherland) that work together for mutual success
Confederation
an alliance of independent colonies into one country
Charlottetown Conference
This conference was to discuss the joining of the maritime colonies. Delegates from the province of Canada joined even though they were not invited and convinced them not to.
The BNA Act
A Constitution Act created in 1867 which established Canada as a nation, uniting Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.
Quebec Conference
A conference in 1864 that established a division of power between governments: federal and provincial.
