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Aging populations
A population in which the percentage that is age 65 and older is increasing relative toother age groups
Pandemic
a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population
Physiological density
The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.
Population pyramid
shows percentage of population in 5-year age groups, with the youngest group at the base of the pyramid and the oldest group at the top. The length of the bar represents the percentage of the total population in that group. Males are usually on the left and females on the right
Sex ratio
The number of males per 100 females in the population.
Total fertility rate (TFR)
The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.
Medical Revolution
Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.
Natural Increase Rate
The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.
Overpopulation
The number of a people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.
Agricultural Density
The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture
Arithmetic Density
The total number of people divided by the total land area.
Census
an official count or survey of a population, typically recording various details of individuals
Crude Birth Rate
the total number of live births yearly per thousand people in a population
Crude Death Rate
The total number of deaths yearly per 1,000 people in the population
Demography
the scientific study of population characteristics
Demographic Transition Model
A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.
Dependency Ratio
The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64 (non-working), compared to the number of people active in the labor force.
Doubling Time
the time required for a population to double in size assuming constant rate
Ecumene
The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
Life Expectancy
The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.
Infant Mortality Rate
a figure that describes the number of babies that die within the first year of their lives in a given population
Push Factors
Conditions that cause people to leave their homelands and migrate to another region
Carrying Capacity
largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support
Voluntary Migration
movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity; not forced.
Forced Migration
Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.
Refugees
People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.
Chain Migration
migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
Internal Migration
Migration within a country
Guest Workers
Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern of Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs.
Unauthorized Immigrants
immigrants who come into a country without the government's permission
Immigration
moving into a population
Emigration
Leaving a population
industrial revolution
A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s
Arable Land
land suitable for growing crops
Intraregional Migration
Permanent movement within one region of a country.
Step Migration
Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city
Pull Factors
Conditions that draw people to another location
Thomas Malthus
Theorized that population increases exponentially whereas agriculture increases linearly; eventually, the world would run out of food.
Net Migration
The difference between emigration and immigration; is not part of a country's Natural Increase Rate
Transnational Migration
A process of movement and settlement across international borders in which individuals maintain connection to their country of origin while at the same time settling in a new country
International Migration
Migration from one country to another
Asylum Seeker
Someone who has migrated to another country in hopes of being recognized as a refugee
Brain Drain
Large-scale emigration by talented people
Counterurbanization
Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries
Internally Displaced Person
Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border
Interregional Migration
Permanent movement from one region of a country to another
Intervening Obstacles
An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration
Mobility
All types of movement between locations
Quotas
In reference to migration, laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year
Urbanization
Net migration from rural to urban areas
Ester Boserup
Food production can, and will, increase to match the needs of the population
Anti Natalist Policies
A government policy that discourages more births in the population (one-childpolicy, birth control, sterilization).
Epidemiological Transition Model
The theory that says that there is a distinct cause of death in eachstage of the demographic transition model. It can help explain how a country's population changes sodramatically.
Malthusian Theory
Theory developed by Thomas Malthus that population increases exponentiallywhereas agriculture increases linearly; eventually, the world would run out of food.
Pro-Natalist
A population policy that aims to encourage more births through the use ofincentives
Gravity Model of Migration
Large communities have a greater pull and attract more migrants
Intervening Opportunities
The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away
Ravenstein's Law of Migration
A set of 11 "laws" that can be organized into three groups: the reasons why migrants move, the distance they typically move, and their characteristics.
Remittance
Transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated
Slavery
A system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people.
Transhumance
A seasonal periodic movement of pastoral nomads and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures
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