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Kidneys
organs that produce urine
Urinary tract
organs that eliminate urine
Ureters
paired tubes
Urinary bladder
muscular sac
Urethra
part of the urinary tract
urination
process of eliminating urine
Retroperitoneal
outside the parietal peritoneum
superior
Where does the left kidney lie in order to the right kidney?
Kidney
shaped like a “bean”
convex
lateral surface of kidney
concave
medial surface of kidney
hilum
point of entry and exit for the ureter, renal artery, and vein
renal fascia
binds to abdominal wall
adipose capsule
cushions kidney
renal capsule
encloses kidney
Renal cortex
superficial portion of kidney in contact with renal capsule
reddish brown and granular
Renal pelvis
leads to ureters
Renal pyramids
conical or triangular structures
base abuts cortex
renal papilla
tip projects into a minor calyx
renal columns
bands of critical tissue extend into medulla
renal columns
between pyramids
have distinct granular texture
interlobar arteries and veins
renal lobe
renal pyramid, and overlying area of renal cortex, produces urine
minor calyx
ducts from renal papilla discharge urine
major calyx
formed by more than one minor calyces
renal pelvis
large, funnel-shaped chamber consisting of two or three major calyces
renal pelvis
connected to ureters, which drains kidney
Renal artery
enters the kidneys
Segmental artery
these arteries branch off of the renal artery once it enters the kidney. They lead towards the renal columns
Interlobar artery
these are the arteries in the renal columns
Arcuate artery
“Arc” over the pyramids
found near the border of the renal cortex and renal medulla
Cortical radiate artery
arteries found in the renal cortex
Afferent arterioles
blood vessel that enters the golmerulus
glomerulus
part of the renal corpuscle
efferent arterioles
exits the glomerulus
peritubular capillaries
found in the cortex
vasa recta
found in the medulla
cortical radiate veins
veins found in the cortex and drain the cortex and peritubular capillaries
cortical radiate vein
found in the cortex and drain the cortex and peritubular capillaries
arcuate vein
found near the border of the renal cortex and renal medulla
interlobar vein
found in the renal column and lead all the way to the renal vein
renal vein
exits the kidney through the hilum
nephron
functional unit of kidney
microscopic, tubular structures where urine production begins
renal corpuscle
glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
gomerulus
Renal (uriniferous) tubules
proximal convoluted tubule
nephron loop
distal convoluted tubule
collecting ducts (tubules)
collects from multiple nephrons, extend through the medulla
cortical nephrons (85%)
superficial in cortex
cortical nephrons
short nephron loops
cortical nephrons
efferent arterioles lead to peritubular capillaries
juxtamedullary nephrons (15%)
deep in cortex
juxtamedullary nephrons
very long nephron loops
juxtamedullary nephrons
efferent arterioles lead to vasa recta
Afferent arteriole
enters large
efferent arteriole
exits small
glomerular capsule
surrounds the glomerulus
glomerulus
ball of fenestrated capillaries
glomerular capsule parietal layer
surround the outside of the renal corpuscle
glomerular capsule visceral layer
surround the glomerular capillaries
made of podocytes with cell processes which make slit pores
juxtaglomerular cells
enlarged smooth muscle cells surrounding the afferent arteriole
juxtaglomerular cells
contract and relax controlling blood flow into the glomerulus thus controlling glomerular filtration rate
mecula densa
measures flow or fluid content and signals juxtaglomerular cell to contract or relax
ureters
extend from renal pelvis to bladder and enters from below
ureters
are retroperitoneal, attached to posterior abdominal wall
adventitia
CT
musuclaris
2 layers of smooth muscle with 3rd layer in lower ureter
muscularis
urine enters, it stretches and contracts in peristaltic wave
mucosa
transitional epithelium
lumen
very narrow, easily obstructed
urinary bladder
a hollow, muscular organ that temporary stores urine
urinary bladder
located partially in pelvic cavity, posterior to public symphysis
parietal peritoneum
superior
muscularis
detrusor muscle, 3 layers of smooth muscle
mucosa
transtional epithelium
vesicouretal sphincters
located at the opening of the ureters, appears as slits
trigone
openings of ureters a urethra, triangular, signals the brain when stretched
rugae
submucosal folds, high distensible
800 ml
max capacity of urinary bladder
deferres
What does the urethra do between the male and female?
Micturition
200 ml urine in bladder, stretch receptors send signal to sacral spinal cord
Micturition in sacral spinal cord
sends signals to the thalamus
Micturition in sacral spinal cord
sends parasympathetic signals to the detrusor muscles and the internal urethral sphinter
contract
what do detrusor muscles do?
relax
what do internal urethral sphincter muscles do?
Thalamus
sends signals to cerebral cortex
cerebral cortex
hold urination, sends signals to the external urethral sphincter
urinate
relax external urethral sphincter