Newton's Laws of Motion in Sport and Exercise

Newton's Laws of Motion

Principles relating forces to the motion of objects.

Linear Motion

Motion in a straight line, often analyzed with speed.

Angular Motion

Motion around an axis, influenced by eccentric forces.

Impulse

Change in momentum due to applied force over time.

Stability

Factors affecting balance include mass and support base.

Eccentric Force

Force applied away from an object's center of mass.

Angular Momentum

Momentum conserved when no external eccentric forces act.

Speed

Scalar quantity representing how fast an object travels.

Velocity

Vector quantity indicating speed with direction.

Acceleration

Change in velocity over time, a vector quantity.

Displacement

Vector quantity measuring change in position.

Distance

Scalar quantity measuring total path traveled.

Kinematics

Study of motion without considering forces.

Vector Measurement

Measurement with both magnitude and direction.

Scalar Measurement

Measurement described only by magnitude.

Coordinates

System for identifying position in space.

Linear Velocity Equation

v = s/t, where v is velocity, s is displacement.

Linear Acceleration Equation

a = (v - u)/t, where a is acceleration.

Impulse Direction

Direction of impulse affects resulting motion.

Curvilinear Motion

Motion along a curved path.

General Motion

Combination of linear and angular motion.

SI Unit for Speed

Metres per second (m/s).

SI Unit for Acceleration

Metres per second squared (m/s²).

Practical Applications

Use of physics concepts to enhance sports performance.

Joint Forces

Sum of forces acting at a joint.

Support Base

Area beneath an object providing stability.

Centre of Mass

Point where mass is evenly distributed.

Spin of the Ball

Rotation of the ball after being kicked.

Angular Kinematics

Study of rotating objects around an axis.

Angular Velocity

Rate of change of angular displacement over time.

Angular Displacement

Difference between start and end positions in rotation.

Vector Quantity

Has both size and direction.

Moment of Inertia

Resistance to angular acceleration based on mass distribution.

Kinetics

Study of forces affecting motion of objects.

Force

Interaction that changes the motion of an object.

Gravity

Attractive force between objects with mass.

Mass

Amount of matter in an object, measured in kg.

Weight

Force of gravity acting on an object's mass.

Newton's First Law

Object remains at rest unless acted upon.

Law of Inertia

Objects resist changes to their state of motion.

Newton's Second Law

Acceleration is proportional to unbalanced force.

Law of Acceleration

F = m × a; force equals mass times acceleration.

Newton's Third Law

For every action, there is an equal reaction.

Law of Reaction

Forces occur simultaneously and are equal in size.

Principle of Stability

Factors affecting stability include mass and base size.

Base of Support

Area beneath an object providing stability.

Principle of Summing Joint Forces

Combined forces from muscles enhance movement power.

Linear Momentum

Product of mass and velocity; p = mv.

Linear Impulse

Force multiplied by the time it acts.

Trajectory

Path followed by a projectile in motion.

Elliptical Orbits

Path of planets due to gravitational forces.

Contact Forces

Forces acting through physical contact between objects.

Distance Force

Forces acting at a distance, e.g., gravity.

J

Symbol for impulse in physics equations.

Force (F)

An influence that causes an object to change velocity.

Momentum

Product of mass and velocity of an object.

Torque

Rotational force applied to an object around an axis.

Angular Momentum (L)

Measure of rotational motion, dependent on inertia and velocity.

L = l⍵

Formula for angular momentum; l is inertia, ⍵ is angular velocity.

Conservation of Angular Momentum

Angular momentum remains constant without external torque.

Newton's First Law (Angular)

A rotating body maintains its angular momentum unless acted upon.

Transfer of Angular Momentum

Angular momentum can be altered by changing body positions.

Trading Angular Momentum

Combining rotations about different axes during movement.

Impulse-Momentum Relationship

Greater impulse results in greater change in momentum.

Principle of Impulse Direction

Force direction affects the resulting motion of an object.

Cricket Example

Fielders move hands back to reduce injury risk.

Golf Example

Slow swing achieves similar distance as fast swing.

Boxing Example

Padded gloves reduce force on impact with face.

Javelin Throw Example

Impulse applied to maximize distance of javelin throw.

Factors Affecting Torque

Size, direction, and distance of applied force from axis.

Gravity's Effect

Slows rotation and affects motion during gymnastics.

Air Resistance

Opposes motion, affecting angular momentum during flight.

Muscular Contraction

Can alter angular velocity during body movements.

Stability Factors

Height, support base size, and mass affect stability.

SEHS Data Booklet

Contains equations for speed, velocity, and momentum.