Ch. 12 Locomotion

amoeboid locomotion

some white blood cells

ciliary and flagellar locomotion

mucous flow and sperm cells

fluid pressure locomotion

ex. leg extension in spiders

muscular locomotion

fiber contractions

hydrostatic skeleton

a fluid-filled internal cavity surrounded by muscle tissue

endoskeleton

internal skeleton or supporting framework in an animal

exoskeletons

thick, hard outer coverings that protect and support animals' bodies

Terrestrial locomotion

animals that move on land often use hydraulic or musculoskeletal lever-joint systems to overcome opposing drag force (friction), and downward gravitational force

Aerial locomotion

animals moving through air must generate aerodynamic forces.

lift- upward force

thrust- forward force

both of these overcome drag and gravitational force

Aquatic locomotion

animals moving through water must produce hydrodynamic forces. species with neutral buoyancy do not expend energy to produce lift.

two anchor burrowing

mollusks; muscular foot moves forward and expands then the foot pulls the body

crawling

ex annelids and maggots

retrograde peristaltic crawling

change in segment shape but not volume; moves in the opposite direction of the animal

direct peristaltic crawling

change in segment volume

two anchor crawling

muscle contraction and changes in hydrostatic pressure act to flex and extend body

Serpintine

muscle contractions produce body undulations that push body surface against the environment

walking

body mass supported by points of contact with substrate

bipedal locomotion

Walking on two feet. Walking on two legs is the single most distinctive feature of the hominins.

Quadrupedal locomotion

walking on four legs; triangle of support

Running (vertebrates)

many changes pattern of limb movement at faster speeds to decrease the cost of locomotion; no feet on the ground during part of stride lo

locomotion in horses

walk, trot, gallop

elastic energy storage

The process of converting kinetic energy into elastic strain energy and back into kinetic energy

Bipedal hopping

many marsupials, and birds, some rodents; consumption at higher speeds with longer hops

jumping

jump performance increased via muscle mass; energy for jump is stored as elastic energy

rolling (rotary locomotion)

allows quick escape from predators.

true flight

can maintain an increase in altitude; flapping and soaring

have to produce both lift and thrust force

gliding

descending

for true flight ____ force must balance or exceed animal _____ (_______________)

lift; weight (gravitational)

flapping flight

thrust & lift on downstroke, lift on upstroke

Bernoulli's Principle

as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases

what flying speed has the lowest energetic cost?

immediate flying speed

Hovering flight

humming birds; wings during the upstroke twist

Soaring flight

maintain or increase altitude; passive (thermals) or dynamic using wind gradient over ocean

what are the 4 swimming types?

rowing, undulatory, flapping, and jet propulsion

for all types of animals must move water to generate both ____ and _____

lift and thrust

if an animal is the same density of the water what happens?

no energy is needed for lift

rowing

leg rowing generates drag to create thrust

undulatory swimming

swimming mode in which a sinusoidal wave is propagated along the propulsive structure, typically with in the trunk musculature, to provide the propulsive force for locomotion

flapping aquatic locomotion

use modified forelimbs for thrust

jet propulsion

create thrust by squirting water from:

mantle cavity

gastrovascular cavity

rapidly closing shells

how do fish increase buoyancy?

hydrofoils

low specific gravity materials

swim bladder

swim bladder

an air-filled sac near the spinal column in many fishes that helps maintain buoyancy

physostome swim bladder

connected to GI tract by pneumatic

deflated by burping or farting

physocilist swim bladder

not connected to the GI tract

inflated by O2 from blood

deflated by O2 diffusion in the blood