reconstruction/gilded age

Hiram Rhodes Revels

First African American US senator, ordained minister, Civil War service

Andrew Johnson

17th president, opposed Civil Rights Act, impeached

Ulysses S. Grant

18th president, Union general, scandals in administration

Chief Joseph

Nez Perce tribe leader, resisted land reduction

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th president, Compromise of 1877, removed federal troops

Henry George

Advocated 'Single Tax' on land for economic equality

Thorstein Veblen

Coined 'Conspicuous Consumption', criticized social classes

John D. Rockefeller

Standard Oil founder, utilized trusts and rebates

Andrew Carnegie

Steel magnate, Gospel of Wealth advocate

J.P. Morgan

Financier, bought out Carnegie, stabilized banking

William Randolph Hearst

Media mogul, influenced Spanish-American War

Booker T. Washington

Tuskegee Institute founder, emphasized industrial training

James Garfield

20th president, assassinated, Pendleton Act passed

Chester Arthur

21st president, supported Pendleton Act, outlawed polygamy

Grover Cleveland

22nd and 24th president, vetoed pension bills, sent troops to enforce injunction

Benjamin Harrison

23rd president, submitted Hawaii annexation treaty

John Muir

Preservationist, founded Sierra Club, developed Yosemite

William McKinley

25th president, focused on business support

Mary Harris Jones (Mother Jones)

Labor rights activist, co-founded Industrial Workers of the World

Ida Wells-Barnett

Anti-lynching activist, journalist, sued a railroad

Jane Addams

Hull House founder, social reformer, Social Gospel advocate

Reconstruction

Post-Civil War period, aimed to transform Southern governance

Gilded Age

Era of industrial growth, coined by Mark Twain

Battle of Little Bighorn

US 7th Cavalry vs. Sioux and Cheyenne, result of land disputes

Great Railroad strike of 1877

Labor strikes over pay cuts, federal troops intervened

Haymarket Square Riot

Bombing during labor rally, led to anarchist trials

Homestead Strike

Carnegie Steel protest, resulted in deaths among protesters

Civil War Amendments

13th, 14th, 15th amendments abolished slavery and granted rights

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction, withdrew federal troops from the South

Jim Crow Laws

Segregated facilities, limited African American rights

Chinese Exclusion Act

Restricted Chinese immigration, unique legislation

Interstate Commerce Act

Regulated railroad industry, prohibited rebates, and ensured fair rates

Dawes Severality Act

Encouraged Native assimilation by distributing reservation lands

New South

Post-Civil War South with industrialization focus

Freedman's Bureau

Aid agency for freed slaves, failed to secure land ownership

Black Codes

Post-slavery restrictions replicating slavery conditions

Carpetbaggers

Northerners in the South during Reconstruction

Scalawags

Southerners supporting the federal government post-Civil War

Ku Klux Klan

Southern white group targeting minorities and supporters

Knights of Labor

Labor organization advocating for workers' rights

Social Darwinism

Wealth based on survival of the fittest concept

Captains of Industry

Efficient corporation leaders promoting industrial growth

Robber Barons

Business leaders using political means for personal gain

Horizontal Integration

Expanding operations at the same industry level

Vertical Integration

Combining multiple production stages in one company

Monopolies

Single company controlling a product market

Yellow Journalism

Sensational news writing style

Pendleton Act

Awarded government positions based on merit

Grange and the Grange Laws

Midwest agricultural organization for farmer rights

Colored Farmers Alliance

Group advocating for African American farmers

American Federation of Labor

National craft union advocating for labor interests

American Protective Association

Founded to counter Roman Catholic immigrant influence

New Immigration

Movement of immigrants to American industrial centers

Cross of Gold Speech

William Jennings Bryan's speech advocating silver coinage

Eugene v. Debs

American Railway Union president and socialist candidate

Sherman Antitrust Act

Illegalized restraints of trade and targeted monopolies

Hawaii

American involvement in the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani

Plessy v. Ferguson

Supreme Court case upholding 'separate but equal' doctrine

Progressivism

Social, political, and economic reform movement in response to industrialization

National American Woman Suffrage Association

Advocated for women's voting rights at all government levels

Radical Republicans

Faction advocating harsh Reconstruction measures

Populist Party

Farmer-dominated party with progressive demands