exam 1 com sci

print

displays whatever is the the ()’s

+

puts words together with no space

,

puts the words together with a space

variables

containers that hold data, must declare by giving it a name

string(str)

text

integer(int)

integers, whole number

float(float)

decimals

boolean(bool)

true/false

casting

tell the computer to treat one variable like a different type, use to change a number into a string for printing, or change a string to a number

input

accepts data from the user, returns what the user enters, so you need to assign it to a variable

a + b = 40

addition

a- b = 6

subtraction

a * b = 391

multiplication

a/b = 1.35294

division

a % b = 6

modulus, remainder after dividing

a ** b = 14105

exponentiation/ power

a // b = 1

floor division, how many times a number can go into a number

a (2) + b(happy) = 2happy

concatenation

b(happy) * c(3) = happyhappyhappy

repetition

a==b is false

equality

a !=b is true

inequality

a>b is true

greater than

a<b is false

less than

a>= b is true

greater than or equal to

a<=b is false

less than or equal to

a=b

assigns b to a

a += b

increments a bt b (same as a = a + b)

a -=b

decrements a by b (same as a = a - b)

a*=b

multiplies a by b and stores the result in a (same as a =a*b)

a/=b

divides a by b and stores the result in a (same as a = a/b)

a % = b

divides a by b and stores the remainder in a (same as a = a%b)

a **=b

raises a to the power b and stores the results in a (same as a=a**b)

a//=b

divides a by b and stores the floor of the result to a (same as a//b)

selection (conditionals)

executres one or more statements only if a certain condition is met

iteration

repeats one or more statements until a certain condition is met

nest

putting one inside another

stack

putting one below another

elif(else,if)

when you have more than two conditions, the first one gets an if, the last one gets an else, and the middle ones get elif

event control

repeat until a certain event occurs

count control

repeat a specific number of times

while

loops repeat indented statements for as long as the condition is true

for-in loop

iterates over a list or collection of things, useful for going through strings

subroutine

a program inside of a program, helps us organize our code and gives us stuff we can re-use

procedure

a subroutine that performs actions then returns to the point where it was called

function

a subroutine that performs an action and returns a value to the point where it was called

parameters

variables inside of a function’s ()’s

return

statements with a variable or value after them send the information back to where it was called

scope

variables made inside of a function cannot be seen outside of it

default values

parameters inside a subroutine can be defined to defaults values, will allow us to invoke the same subroutine in multiple ways

library

collection of pre-written and tested subroutines

decomposition

breaking down a large problem into smaller easier parts

abstraction

using patterns and creating a generalized solution

algorithm design

creating a plan that will implement a solution

debugging

improving the solution

algorithm

detailed sequence of steps that describes how to solve a problem or accomplish some task

problem statement

formal way to define the problem

flowcharts

diagrams that represent a workflow or a process, direction of execution is shown by arrows, different shaped blocks stand for different kinds of step

terminal block

oval, shows the start or end of the algorithm

process block

rectangle, contains one statement in which some action is performed

input/ output block

parallelogram, shows when data is entering/ leaving the algorithm

decision block

diamond, asks a question, only block that must have more than one path leading from it

loop

repetition in programming

pseudocode

used to represent programmer languages, uses structural conventions of a programming language