A&P LAB FINAL (Labs 7-12)

Kidney

Organ responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.

Renal Hilum

Indented area on the medial side of the kidney where blood vessels and ureters enter and exit.

Renal Artery and Vein

Blood vessels that supply and drain the kidney.

Renal Cortex

Outer region of the kidney that contains nephrons.

Renal Medulla

Inner region of the kidney that contains renal pyramids.

Renal Pyramids

Triangular structures in the renal medulla that contain collecting ducts and nephron loops.

Renal Calyx

Cup-like structure that collects urine from the renal pyramids.

Renal Pelvis

Funnel-shaped structure that collects urine from the renal calyces and transports it to the ureter.

Nephron

Functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.

Glomerulus

Network of capillaries in the nephron where filtration of blood occurs.

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

First segment of the renal tubule where reabsorption of water, ions, and nutrients occurs.

Nephron Loop

U-shaped segment of the renal tubule involved in reabsorption of water and ions.

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Last segment of the renal tubule where further reabsorption and secretion occur.

Collecting Duct

Structure that receives urine from multiple nephrons and transports it to the renal pelvis.

Ureters

Tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

Urinary Bladder

Hollow organ that stores urine until it is eliminated from the body.

Detrusor Muscle

Muscle in the wall of the urinary bladder that contracts to expel urine.

Internal Urethral Sphincter

Smooth muscle at the junction of the urinary bladder and urethra that helps control the flow of urine.

Trigone

Triangular area in the urinary bladder formed by the openings of the ureters and urethra.

Urethra

Tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.

Testes

Male reproductive organs that produce sperm and testosterone.

Seminiferous Tubule

Tubules within the testes where sperm production occurs.

Epididymis

Coiled tube located on the surface of the testes where sperm mature and are stored.

Scrotum

External sac that contains the testes.

Spermatic Cord

Bundle of structures that includes the ductus deferens, blood vessels, and nerves.

Ductus (Vas) Deferens

Tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.

Cremaster Muscle

Muscle that raises and lowers the testes to regulate their temperature.

Seminal Vesicle

Gland that produces seminal fluid, which nourishes and transports sperm.

Ejaculatory Duct

Tube formed by the union of the ductus deferens and seminal vesicle, through which sperm and seminal fluid pass.

Prostate Gland

Gland that produces prostatic fluid, which is a component of semen.

Bulbourethral Gland

Gland that produces a clear, lubricating fluid that is released prior to ejaculation.

Penis

Male external reproductive organ that delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract.

Corpora Cavernosa

Two columns of erectile tissue in the penis that become engorged with blood during sexual arousal.

Spongy Urethra

Part of the urethra that runs through the penis and carries both urine and semen.

Corpus Spongiosum

Erectile tissue surrounding the urethra in the penis.

Glans Penis

tip of the penis; covered by prepuce/foreskin

Ovary

Female reproductive organ that produces eggs and hormones.

Uterine (Fallopian) Tube

Tube that carries eggs from the ovaries to the uterus.

Fimbriae

Finger-like projections at the end of the uterine tube that help guide eggs into the tube.

Uterus

Hollow, muscular organ where a fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus.

Fundus

Upper, rounded part of the uterus.

body of uterus

Middle part of the uterus.

Cervix

Lower, narrow part of the uterus that connects to the vagina.

Uterine Wall Layers

Layers of tissue that make up the wall of the uterus.

Perimetrium

Outer layer of the uterine wall.

Myometrium

Middle layer of the uterine wall composed of smooth muscle.

Endometrium

Inner layer of the uterine wall that undergoes cyclic changes during the menstrual cycle.

Vagina

Muscular canal that connects the uterus to the external genitalia.

Fornix

Recessed area around the cervix in the vagina.

Clitoris

Sensitivity-rich organ located at the front junction of the labia minora.

Prepuce

Fold of skin that covers the clitoris.

Vestibule

Area between the labia minora that contains the vaginal and urethral openings.

Labia Minora

Inner folds of skin located within the labia majora.

Labia Majora

Outer folds of skin that protect the vaginal and urethral openings.

Areola

Circular pigmented area surrounding the nipple.

Nipple

Projection on the breast through which milk is released.

Suspensory Ligaments

Ligaments that support the breast tissue.

Mammary Glands

Glands within the breast that produce milk.

Lactiferous Ducts

Ducts that carry milk from the mammary glands to the nipple.

Digestive tract

The pathway through which food travels in the body.

Oral Cavity

The mouth, where digestion begins.

Labia (lips)

The fleshy folds surrounding the opening of the mouth.

Hard & Soft palate

The roof of the mouth, consisting of bony and soft tissue.

Uvula

The small, fleshy structure hanging down from the soft palate.

Genioglossus

The muscle that helps move the tongue.

Salivary Glands

Glands that produce saliva to aid in digestion.

Parotid Gland

A salivary gland located near the ear.

Submandibular Gland

A salivary gland located under the jaw.

Sublingual Gland

A salivary gland located under the tongue.

Muscles of Mastication

The muscle group responsible for chewing food.

Teeth

The hard structures in the mouth used for biting and chewing. (32 total in adults)

Pharynx

The throat, which connects the mouth to the esophagus.

Nasopharynx

The upper part of the pharynx, behind the nose.

Oropharynx

The middle part of the pharynx, behind the mouth.

Laryngopharynx

The lower part of the pharynx, above the esophagus and larynx.

Esophagus

The tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach.

Lower esophageal sphincter

The muscular ring that prevents stomach acid from flowing back into the esophagus.

Membranes of the Digestive Tract

The layers that make up the walls of the digestive tract.

Serosa

The outermost layer of the digestive tract, providing protection.

Muscularis

The layer of muscle in the digestive tract that helps move food along.

Submucosa

The layer of connective tissue that contains blood vessels and nerves.

Mucosa

The innermost layer of the digestive tract, responsible for absorption.

Stomach

An organ that stores and breaks down food.

Cardia

The area of the stomach closest to the esophagus.

Fundus

The upper part of the stomach, above the body.

Body of stomach

The main part of the stomach.

Pylorus

The lower part of the stomach, leading to the small intestine.

greater curvature of stomach

convex lateral surface of the stomach

Rugae

The folds in the stomach lining that allow for expansion.

Small Intestine

The part of the digestive tract where most absorption occurs.

Duodenum

The first part of the small intestine, connected to the stomach.

Jejunum

The middle part of the small intestine.

Ileum

The last part of the small intestine, connected to the large intestine.

Large Intestine

The final part of the digestive tract, where water is absorbed.

Cecum

The first part of the large intestine, connected to the small intestine.

Ascending Colon

The part of the large intestine that travels upward on the right side of the abdomen.

Transverse Colon

The part of the large intestine that travels across the abdomen.

Descending Colon

The part of the large intestine that travels downward on the left side of the abdomen.

Sigmoid Colon

The S-shaped part of the large intestine, leading to the rectum.

Rectum

The final part of the large intestine, where feces are stored.