PART 5

Puberty

– process that leads to sexual maturity or fertility

Adrenarche

– adrenal glands secretes increasing androgens (Dehydroepiandrosterone) between ages 6-8 yrs old

Gonadarche

– maturation of sex organs, which triggers the second burst of DHEA productions

Primary Sex Characteristics

organs necessary for reproduction (e.g., ovaries, vagina, testes, penis)

Secondary Sex Characteristics

physiological signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve sex organs (e.g., changes in voice, breast enlargement, broad shoulders)

Adolescent Growth Spurt

– rapid increase in height, weight, and muscle and bone growth that occurs during puberty

Spermarche

– first ejaculation; principal sign of sexual maturity in boys

Menarche

– first menstruation (monthly shedding of tissues from the lining of the womb)

Secular Trend

children may be starting puberty earlier but spending more time to reach full sexual maturity

Body Image

– one’s perception, thoughts, and feelings about one’s body

Anorexia Nervosa

– distorted body image, severely underweight, may be withdrawn or depressed, and afraid of losing control and becoming overweight

Bulimia Nervosa

– short-lived binge eating and then purging by self-induced vomiting, strict dieting, excessive exercise, etc.

Binge-eating disorder

– binging without purging of food

Binge Drinking

– consuming five or more drinks on one occasion

Formal Operations

Adolescents enter what Piaget called the highest level of cognitive development

Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning

methodical, scientific approach to problem solving, and it characterizes formal operations thinking

Self-Consciousness

– adolescents can think about thinking – their own and the other people’s

Imaginary Audience

– a conceptualized “observer” who is concerned with a young person’s thoughts and behavior as he or she is

Personal Fable

– belief that they are special, their experience is unique, and they are not subject to the rules that govern the rest of the world

Fuzzy-Trace Theory Dual-Process Model

– decision making is influenced by two cognitive systems: verbatim analytical and gist-intuitional, which operate in parallel

Heinz’s Dilemma

– the cancer patient and the greedy drug dealer, most famous example of Lawrence Kohlberg’s approach to studying moral development

Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation

The child/individual is good to AVOID PUNISHMENT because punishment equates, they must have done something wrong

Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange

Children recognize that there is not just one right view that is handed down by authorities. They conform to rules out of self-interest and consideration what others can do for them.

Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationship

The child is good in order to be seen as a good person by others. Approval of others is important.

Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order

The child becomes aware of the rules of the society, so judgement concern obeying the rules to uphold the law and avoid guilt.

Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights

Child becomes aware that while rules might exist for the betterment of everyone, there are times you have to bend the law for self-interests.

Stage 6: Universal Principles

People developed their own set of moral guidelines, which may or may not fit the law. The principles apply to everyone. They do what they think is right regardless of legal restrictions or opinion of others.

Cosmic Stage

– people consider the effect of their actions not only on other people but on the universe as a whole

School

– offers opportunities to learn info, master new skills, and sharpen old skills

Spillover

– experiences in different contexts influence each other

Self-Efficacy

beliefs help shape the occupational options students consider and the way they prepare for careers

Service Learning

– form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community

Identity

– coherent conception of the self, made up of goals, values, and beliefs to which the person is solidly committed

Adolescence (14-20 yrs)

Identity vs. Identity/Role Confusion

Fidelity

Identity vs. Identity/Role Confusion

Fidelity

– sustained loyalty, faith, or a sense of belonging to a loved one, friends or companions

Crisis

a period of conscious decision-making ▪ Process of grappling with what to believe and who to be (Erikson)

Commitment

a personal investment in an occupation or ideology

Identity Achievement

crisis leading to commitment

Foreclosure

commitment without crisis

Moratorium

crisis with no commitment yet

Identity Diffusion

no commitment, no crisis

Cultural Socialization

– includes practices that teach children about their racial or ethnic heritage, promote cultural customs and traditions, and foster racial/ethnic and cultural pride

Sexual Identity

seeing oneself as a sexual being, recognizing one’s sexual orientation, and forming romantic or sexual attachments

Sexual Orientation

– whether the person is attracted to person of other sex (Heterosexual), same sex (Bisexual), or of both sexes (Bisexual)

Transgender

– biological sex at birth and gender identity are not the same

Transsexual

– people who seek medical assistance to permanently transition to their preferred gender

Sexually Transmitted Infections

– diseases spread by sexual contact

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) or Genital Warts

– leading cause of cervical cancer in women

Genital Herpes

– chronic, recurring, often painful, and highly contagious disease

Hepatitis B

– affects the liver causing both acute and chronic issues that can lead to cirrhosis, liver cancer or death

Trichomoniasis

– parasitic infection

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

– causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), transmitted thru bodily fluids

Gonorrhea

– caused by bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, spread by contact between infected moist membranes, characterized by discharge from penis or vagina and painful urination

Syphilis

– appearance of a sore where syphilis ente the body

Individuation

– listening to different music from parents, dressed differently, and felt it was reasonable to keep private things from parents

Dyadic

– one-to-one

Cliques

– structured group of friends who do things together

Crowd

– based on personal interactions but on reputation, image, or identity

Juvenile Delinquency

– adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior considered as illegal