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14 Terms

1
Bias
Systematic errors that disproportionately affect data in one direction or another.
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2
Random error

Error that results from measurement imperfections in a data collection system.

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3
Inherent variability
Natural differences that exist between individuals in a population.
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4
Internal validity
The methodological design of a study, including variables, controls, and samples.
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5
External validity
The generalizability of a study, or how well results can be extrapolated to a larger population.
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6
Selection bias
A form of bias that results when the sample taken is not representative of the population.
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7
Misclassification bias
The incorrect measurement of participants or their categorization into wrong groups.
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8
Non-differential misclassification
Equal misclassification of exposed and disease classification between subjects.
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9
Differential misclassification
Unequal distribution of exposed and disease classification between subjects, detrimental to internal validity.
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10
Implicit bias
Subconscious biases that affect judgments and decisions.
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11
Explicit bias
Conscious biases that are held by an individual.
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12
Sample size

The number of participants included in a study; smaller sizes mean a higher error percentage, while larger ones are more reflective of entire population

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13
Convenience sampling
A non-random sampling method that often leads to biases.
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14
Volunteer/self-selection bias
A bias that arises when participants self-select to respond or participate in a study.
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