Skeletal system - Pathology exam

OSTEOBLASTS

These cells are responsible for the continuous formation of new bone

OSTEOCLASTS

They play a vital role by breaking down and digesting existing bone tissue

BONE REMODELLING

This process occurs throughout an individual’s lifetime, allowing bones to adapt and renew

PHYSITIS

Characterized by inflammation and swelling of the growth plates (physes) of long bones

CLOSED

No communication with the external environment

OPEN

Communicates with the external environment

TRANSVERSE

Fracture line runs perpendicular (90°) to the long axis of the bone

LINEAR

Fracture line runs parallel to the long axis of the bone

OBLIQUE (NON-DISPLACED)

Diagonal fracture with bone fragments remaining aligned

OBLIQUE (DISPLACED)

Diagonal fracture with bone fragments misaligned

SPIRAL

Corkscrew-shaped fracture caused by twisting (rotational) forces

GREENSTICK

Incomplete fracture where one side of the bone breaks white the other side bends

Common in young animals

COMMINUTED

Bone is broken into three or more fragments, usually due to high-impact trauma

SALTER-HARRIS CLASSIFICATION

(PHYSEAL / GROWTH PLATE FRACTURES)

Used in immature animals with open growth plates

1. TYPE 1

2. TYPE 2

3. TYPE 3

4. TYPE 4

5. TYPE 5

Determine what type are the ff (type 1-5)

1. Through the physis (growth plate)

2. Through the physis and metaphysis (most common)

3. Through the physis and epiphysis

4. Through the metaphysis, physis and epiphysis

5. Crush injury to the physis (worst prognosis)

GUSTILO-ANDERSON CLASSIFICATION

Are used to describe the degree of soft tissue damage and mechanism of injury in order to facilitate standardization of treatment and prognosis

OSTEOSARCOMA

Is the most common primary malignant bone tumor in animals

OSTEOMYELITIS

Infection of bone, usually caused by bacteria or fungi

OSTEOMALACIA

Is a classic disorder caused by Ca and P deficiency or imbalance, or defective bone mineralization

CRANIAL CRUCIATE LIGAMENT

In dogs, rupture of this ligament is the most common injury

IMMUNE MEDIATED POLYARTHRITIS (IMPA)

Most common non-erosive inflammatory joint disease in dogs

EROSIVE POLYARTHRITIS

Leads to progressive cartilage and bone destruction

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITITIS

Chronic autoimmune inflammatory joint disease

SEPTIC ARTHRITITIS

Infection of a synovial joint, usually involving one joint

TENOSYNOVITIS

Inflammation of the tendon and sheath, leading to synovial fluid accumulation, swelling, pain and impaired tendon movement