Bio 120 A&P Body Orientation

Right Upper Quadrant

• Contents include right kidney and suprarenal gland, gallbladder, and parts of liver, stomach, pancreas, and small and large intestines

• Upper right lateral area of the abdominopelvic cavity

Sacral Region

Subdivision of the back

Includes sacrum and attached muscles

Sagittal Plane

A vertical plane that passes parallel to the long axis of the body, dividing it into right and left portions

Skeletal System

• Provides site of attachment for muscles

• Support for, and protection of body

• Movement of body via joints

• Hemopoiesis

• Storage of calcium and phosphorusSupport for, and protection of body

• Provides site of attachment for muscles

• Movement of body via joints

• Hemopoiesis

• Storage of calcium and phosphorus

Abdominal region

• Bounded by abdominal walls, thoracic diaphragm (superior), and pelvic brim (inferior)

• Major organs include: stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, kidneys and ureters, suprarenal glands, aorta, inferior vena cava, and lumbar nerve plexus

Abdominopelvic cavity

• Continuous cavity formed by the abdominal and pelvic cavities

• Major abdominal organs include: stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, kidneys and ureters, suprarenal glands, aorta, inferior vena cava, and lumbar nerve plexus

• Major pelvic organs include: urinary bladder, loops of small intestine, inferior part of sigmoid colon, rectum, and reproductive organs (ovaries, uterus, vagina in female; prostate and seminal glands in male)

Anatomical Position

• Reference position for anatomical description

• An individual in anatomical position is standing erect with arms at sides, palms facing forward with fingers pointing downward, feet parallel to each other and flat on the floor, and eyes directed forward

Anterior

• Toward the front of the body (e.g., the sternum is anterior to the heart)

• Opposite of posterior

Cardiovascular system

• Two circulatory divisions: pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

• Heart moves blood through blood vessels

• Blood and blood vessels distribute hormones, nutrients, and gases, and transport waste products

• Pulmonary circulation: movement of blood between heart and lungs

• Systemic circulation: movement of blood between heart and peripheral tissues

Coronal Plane

• A vertical plane that passes parallel to the long axis of the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior portions

Cranial Cavity

• Space in skull that contains brain, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

• Formed by frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid bones, parietal, and temporal bones

Cubital Region

Subdivion of upper limb

Deep

Away from the surface of the body or organ

Diaphragm

• Dome of diaphragm flattens during inspiration

• Contraction increases vertical dimension of thoracic cavity

Digestive system

• Muscular tube lined by epithelium

• Gastrointestal (GI) tract: oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus. stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

• Accessory digestive organs: teeth, tongue, salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual), liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Distal

• Farther from trunk or origin of a structure (e.g., the wrist is distal to the elbow)

• Opposite of proximal

Endocrine System

• Head: hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and pineal gland

• Neck: thyroid and parathyroid glands

• Thorax: thymus and heart

• Abdomen: pancreas, suprarenal glands, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and kidneys

• Pelvis: ovaries

• Scrotum: testes

Epigastric Region

• One of nine regions of abdominal cavity

• Upper median region (flanked by right and left hypochondriac regions)

• Contents include suprarenal glands and parts of stomach, large intestine, liver and gallbladder, and pancreas

Female reproductive system

• Gonads (ovaries)

• Accessory glands (greater vestibular glands)

• Uterus

• External genitalia (mons pubis, labia majora and minora, vestibule (between labia minora), bulb of vestibule, greater vestibular glands, vaginal and external urethral orifices, hymen, and clitoris)

• Mammary glands (in breast on anterior thoracic wall)

Frontal Region

• Head (anterior superior part of cranial region)

Greater omentum

• Double-layered peritoneum folded on itself so it has 4 layers

• Suspended ("apron-like") from greater curvature of stomach

• Attached to anterior surface of transverse colo

Hypogastric region

• One of nine regions of abdominal cavity

• Lower median region (flanked by right and left inguinal regions)

• Contents include urinary bladder (when distended), and parts of small and large intestines

Inferior

• Downward or below (e.g., the diaphragm is inferior to the heart)

• Opposite of superior

Integumentary system

External surface of body

Lateral

• Away from the midline of the body (e.g., the lungs are lateral to the heart)

• Opposite of medial

Left hypochondriac region

• One of nine regions of abdominal cavity

• Left upper lateral region

• Contents include spleen and parts of stomach, large intestine, pancreas (tail), and left kidney

Left inguinal region

• One of nine regions of abdominal cavity

• Left lower lateral region

• Contents include parts of small and large intestines

Left lateral region of abdomen

• One of nine regions of abdominal cavity

• Left lateral region

• Contents include parts of small and large intestines, and left kidney

Left lower quadrant

• Lower left lateral area of abdominopelvic cavity

• Contents include parts of small intestine, large intestine, urinary bladder (when distended), and left uterine tube and ovary

Left upper quadrant

• Upper left lateral area of abdominopelvic cavity

• Contents include spleen, left kidney and suprarenal gland, and parts of liver, stomach, pancreas, and small and large intestines

Lesser omentum

• Double layer of peritoneum

• Two parts: hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligament

Lumbar region

• Subdivision of back

• Includes lumbar vertebrae and attached muscles

Lymphatic system

• Produces lymphocytes

• Transports and filters lymph (lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes)

• Filters blood (spleen)

Male reproductive system

• Gonads (testes)

• Accessory glands (e.g., prostate, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral glands)

• External genitalia (penis and scrotum)

Medial

Towards the mindline of the body

Medial plane

• A vertical plane that passes parallel to the long axis of the body through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves

Mediastinum

• Middle region of thorax

• Lies between sternum and thoracic vertebral bodies

• Separates right and left pulmonary cavities

• Divided into superior and inferior parts

• Inferior mediastinum subdivided into middle, posterior, and anterior parts

Mental region

• Head (anterior inferior part of facial region)

Mesentery of the small intestine

• Double layer of peritoneum

Muscular system

• Three types of muscle tissue: skeletal (striated), cardiac, and smooth

• Skeletal muscles divided into axial and appendicular

• Cardiac muscle found in walls of heart

• Smooth muscle found in walls of hollow organs (e.g., gastroinestinal tract, blood vessels); in iris and ciliary body of eye

Nervous system

• Structural divisions: CNS and PNS

• CNS includes brain and spinal cord

• PNS includes nerves that extend from brain and spinal cord, and ganglia

• Functional divisions: afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor)

Oblique plane

• A plane that passes through the body on an angle, and is not one of the standard anatomical planes

Occipital region

• P

  

  art of cranial cavity related to occipital bone

Parietal layer of serous pericardum

Parietal peritoneum

• Lines wall of abdomen

• Single layer of serous membrane with surface epithelium (mesothelium)

Perietal pleura

• Thin, serous membrane

• Lines pulmonary cavity

• Fused to internal walls of thoracic cavity and lateral surface of mediastinum

• Continuous with visceral pleura at root of lung

• Regions include mediastinal, cervical, diaphragmatic, and costal

Parietal region

• Part of cranial cavity related to parietal bone

Partoid region

• Part of facial region related to parotid salivary gland and ramus of mandible

Pelvic Cavity

• Bounded by pelvic inlet (superiorly) and pelvic outlet (inferiorly)

• Major organs include: urinary bladder, loops of small intestine, inferior part of sigmoid colon, rectum, and reproductive organs (ovaries, uterus, vagina in female; prostate and seminal glands in male)

• Continuous superiorly with abdominal cavity

Pericardial cavity

• Potential space between parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium

Peritoneal cavity

Potential space between parietal and visceral layers of peritoneum

Pleural cavity

• Bilateral potential spaces between parietal and visceral layers of pleura

Popliteal fossa

• Subdivision of posterior knee region

• Skin, muscles, nerves, and vessels associated with diamond-shaped region on posterior aspect of knee region

• Bounded by biceps femoris, semimembranosus and semitendinosus, gastrocnemius, skin and popliteal fascia (roof), and posterior capsule of knee joint (floor)

• Important structures include: small saphenous vein, popliteal artery and vein, tibial and common fibular nerves, posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh, and popliteal lymph nodes

Posterior

• Toward the back of the body or relating to the back (e.g., the heart is posterior to the sternum)

Prone

• Position of the body when lying face down

Proximal

• 
  Closer to trunk or origin of a structure (e.g., the elbow is proximal to the wrist)

• Opposite of distal

Pulmonary cavity 

• Bilateral subdivision of thoracic cavity (separated by mediastinum)

• Contain lungs and pleurae

• Lined by parietal pleura

Respiratory System

• Air passes through nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

• Air is cleaned, warmed, and humidified

• Phonation

• Lungs are primary organs of respiration (gas exchange)

• Acid-base balance

Right hypochondriac region

• One of nine regions of abdominal cavity

• Right upper lateral region

• Contents include parts of large intestine, liver and gallbladder, and right kidney

Right inguinal region

• One of nine regions of abdominal cavity

• Right lower lateral region

• Contents include parts of small and large intestine (including cecum and vermiform appendix)

Right lateral region of abdomen

• One of nine regions of abdominal cavity

• Right lateral region

• Contents include parts of small and large intestine, and right kidney

Right lower quadrant

• Lower right lateral area of abdominopelvic cavity

• Contents include parts of small intestine, large intestine (including cecum and vermiform appendix), urinary bladder (when distended), and right uterine tube and ovary

Right upper quadrant

• Upper right lateral area of abdominopelvic cavity

• Contents include right kidney and suprarenal gland, gallbladder, and parts of liver, stomach, pancreas, and small and large intestines

Sacral region

• Subdivision of back

• Includes sacrum and attached muscles

Sagittal Plane

• A vertical plane that passes parallel to the long axis of the body, dividing it into right and left portions

Skeletal system

• Support for, and protection of body

• Provides site of attachment for muscles

• Movement of body via joints

• Hemopoiesis

• Storage of calcium and phosphorus

Superficial

• Toward the surface of the body or organ (e.g., Skin is superficial to muscles)

• Opposite of deep

Supine

• For forearm movement (in anatomical position), supination directs palm anteriorly

• Opposite of prone

Temporal region

• Part of cranial region related to temporal bone

Thoracic cavity

• Cavity of the chest

• Bounded by sternum, ribs and costal cartilages, intercostal muscles, thoracic vertebrae, and diaphragm

• Three subdivisions: a central mediastinum (contains heart and thoracic parts of great vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus) and bilateral pulmonary cavities (contains lungs and plurae)

Transverse plane

A horizontal plane that passes perpendicular to the long axis of the body, dividing it into superior and inferior portions

Triangle of auscultation

• Small, triangular gap between trapezius and latissimus dorsi muscles and inferior part of medial scapular border

• Floor of triangle formed by rhomboid major muscle and thoracolumbar fascia

Umbilical region

• One of nine regions of abdominal cavity

• Median region (flanked by right and left flank regions)

• Contents include parts of small and large intestines

Urinary System

• Kidneys filter blood to remove waste products and concentrate waste products in urine

• Ureters transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder

• Urinary bladder stores and, with urethra, expels urine from body

Visceral layer of serous pericardium

• Thin, serous membrane fused to surface of heart (myocardium)

• Inner limit of pericardial cavity

• Continuous with parietal layer of serous pericardium

Visceral peritoneum

• Coats outer surface of many abdominal organs

• Single layer of serous membrane with surface epithelium (mesothelium)

Visceral pleura

• Thin, serous membrane

• Fused to surface of lung

• Continuous with parietal pleura at root of lung

• Separated from parietal pleura by pleural cavity

Zygomatic region

Part of cranial region related to zygomatic bone