chapter 9: the urinary system

-ectasis

Stretching, dilation, enlargement

-lysis

Break down, separation, destruction, setting free

-pexy

surgical fixation

ablation

The removal of a body part of the destruction of its function

anuria

absence of urine formation by the kidneys

Benign prostatic hypertrophy

abnormal enlargement of the prostate gland occurs most often in men over 50

cystalgia

bladder pain

cystitis

inflammation of the bladder

cystolith

A stone located within the urinary bladder

cystocele

Fallen bladder; hernia of bladder through vaginal wall

cystopexy

The surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall

cystoscopy

The visual examination of the urinary bladder with a scope

diuresis

increased urine output

dysuria

difficult or painful urination

enuresis

involuntary discharge of urine

Epispadias (male)

congenital abnormality with opening on the upper surface of the penis

Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy

The destruction of kidney stones using high-energy ultrasonic waves traveling through water or gel

glomerulonephritis

(also called Bright’s Disease) a type of kidney disease caused by inflammation of the glomeruli where rbcs & proteins leak into urine

hemodialysis

A process by which waste products are filtered from the patient’s blood

hydronephrosis

The dilation (swelling) of one or both kidneys

ureterectasis

dilation or swelling of the ureter, is a condition where the ureter, the tube connecting the kidney to the bladder, becomes enlarged, often due to ureteral obstruction or vesicoureteral reflux. 

hyperproteinuria

Presence of abnormally high levels of protein in the urine

hypoproteinemia

Abnormally low levels of protein in the blood

Hypospadias (male)

Congenital abnormality with opening on the undersurface of the penis

incontinence

The inability to control loss of urine or feces

Interstitial cystitis

Chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder

Intravenous pyelogram

A radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters

nephrectasis

Distention of the pelvis of the kidney

nephrolith

a stone in the kidney

nephrolithiasis

the presence of kidney stones

nephrolysis

the surgical freeing of a kidney from adhesions

nephrons

functional unit of the kidney

nephritis

Inflammation of the kidney

nephropathy

Any disease of the kidney

Nephrosis

Any degenerative disease causing nephrotic syndrome without inflammation

nephroptosis

Also known as floating kidney; prolapsed kidney

Nephrotic Syndrome

High levels of urine protein/low blood protein levels

Neurogenic bladder

Urinary problem caused by interference of normal nerve pathways associated with urination

nocturia

Excessive urination during the night

Nocturnal enuresis

Urinary incontinence at night (bed wetting)

oliguria

Scanty urination

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy

Surgical removal of a kidney stone through a small incision in the back

paraspadias

Congenital abnormality with urethral opening on the side of the penis

Polycystic kidney disease

Genetic disorder characterized by numerous fluid filled cysts in the kidneys

polyuria

excessive urination

prostatism

Symptoms resulting from compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatic hypertrophy

prostatitis

Inflammation of the prostate gland

pyelitis

Inflammation of the renal pelvis

pyeloplasty

The surgical repair of the ureter and renal pelvis

pyelotomy

Surgical incision into the renal pelvis

pyelonephritis

Inflammation of the both the renal pelvis & kidney

Renal Failure

Inability of one or more kidneys to do its function

uremia

A toxic condition where urea is retained in the blood

trigonitis

Inflammation of the urinary bladder in the region of the trigone

nephrolith

kidney stone

uretolith

stone in ureter

cystolith

stone in the bladder

hydroureter

Blockage of ureter so urine cannot flow

ureterorrhagia

Discharge of blood from the ureter

ureteritis

Inflammation of the ureter

urethrorrhagia

Bleeding from the urethra

urethrorrhea

Abnormal discharge form the urethra

urethrostenosis

Narrowing of the urethra (occurs almost exclusively in men & is associated with prostrate enlargement)

urethrotomy

Surgical incision into the urethra

Vesicovaginal fistula

Abnormal opening between bladder and vagina

Wilms tumor

A malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in young children

urologist

a doctor specializing in diagnosing and treating conditions affecting the urinary tract and reproductive system, encompassing both surgical and medical treatments. 

urea

the major waste product of protein metabolism

cardiac catheterization

a diagnostic and treatment procedure in which a catheter is passed into a vein or artery and then guided into the heart

end-stage renal disease (ERDS)

also known as kidney failure, is the final stage of chronic kidney disease, and this condition is fatal unless the functions of the failed kidneys are replaced by dialysis, or with a successful kidney transplant.

intravenous pyelogram (IVP)

a set of x-ray images of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder using an intravenous contrast medium to clearly visualize the structures

overactive bladder (OAB)

also known as urge incontinence, occurs when the muscles of the bladder contract involuntarily even though the bladder is not actually full enough to indicate the need to urinate.

suprapubic catheterization

the placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone

transurethral prostatectomy

the removal of excess tissue from an enlarged prostate gland with the use of a resectoscope.

glomerulonephritis

a type of nephritis caused by inflammation of the glomeruli that causes red blood cells and proteins to leak into the urine

prostate-specific antigen

used to screen for prostate cancer. This test measures the amount of prostate-specific antigen that is present in a blood specimen

cystostomy

a surgical procedure that creates an opening (stoma) in the bladder to drain urine

nephrotomy

refers to a surgical procedure to make an incision in the kidney

nephrosclerosis

a medical term that refers to the hardening and scarring of the kidneys

cystoptosis

refers to the prolapse or drooping of the urinary bladder. 

urethrocele

also known as urethral prolapse, it refers to a condition where the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body, protrudes into the vagina

ureterolysis

a surgical procedure to free a ureter from abnormal adhesions or surrounding tissue, often to address ureteral obstruction or prevent injury during other surgeries

nephromalacia

abnormal renal softness or softening of the kidney

pyelonephritis

the medical term for a kidney infection. It is a condition in which the kidneys become infected, usually due to bacteria that spread from the urinary tract. 

urethrostomy

surgically creating a new opening in the urethra, often in the perineum, to bypass a narrowed or obstructed section of the urethra. 

cystoplasty

also known as bladder augmentation, is a surgical procedure that enlarges the bladder using a piece of the patient's own tissue

Diabetic nephropathy

Hyperproteinuria & hardening of the glomeruli caused by long -term DM