AP World Exam 2023

Mamluk Sultanate

________: a breakaway state that was founded by elite soldiers who served the Abbasids.

Noble Class Aristocracy

________: evolved from people who got the largest pieces of land in feudalism.

Dar al Harb

________: one of two spheres in the Islamic world where Islam was not established.

Chivalry

________: was supposed to make sure that knights acted as virtuous Christian warriors by treating the lower classes and women with delicacy and respect.

Magna Carta

________: allowed for nobility to get various rights and ensured monarchy was not above the law.

Saladin

________: skilled Kurdish general who held back the Third Crusade and recaptured Jerusalem.

Tributary System

________: how nearby states to China avoided being captured by allowing China to dictate policy.

Devshirme

________: also known as the blood tax which forcibly recruited boys from non- Muslim families and placed them in positions of privileged servitude.

Black Death

________: came from China and was a bubonic plague epidemic.

Reconquista

________: a series of campaigns by Christian states to recapture territory from the Moors or Muslims.

Fall of Constantinople

________: occurred in 1453 due to gunpowder weaponry by the Ottomans.

Jizya

________: the nonbelievers tax that occurred in Muslim- ruled areas.

1337 1453

Hundred Years War: occurred during ________ between France and England over French territory, in which France won.

Sati

________: a ritual where women of certain castes were burned alive after their husbands died.

Aztecs

________: ruled much of Mexico and had a huge population, they practiced human sacrifice and pyramid building.

Mongols

________: captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph.

Serfs

________: peasants who were not technically slaves but were tied to a feudal lords land without the right to change profession or residence without permission.

Constantinople

________: capital of Byzantium and was home to around 1 million people.

Neo Confucianism

________: the idea that commoners owed obedience to their superiors who in turn owed them just treatment.

Renaissance

________: occurred in 1200s- 1300s and started in Florence, Italy.

Mansa Musa

________: Malis most powerful ruler who was a devout Muslim.

Parliament

________: which made laws in conjunction with the king and gradually became more representative.

Ottoman

________ Turks: Middle Eastern dominant power that arouse during the 1300s.

Quipu

________: a knot- tying system of writing.

Eastern Orthodoxy

________: a religion that is a part of the Christian branch.

Roman Law

________: especially the Justinian code, compiled in Byzantium during the 500s remained a keystone in Western legal thought.

Cultural spheres

________: defined less by political boundaries and more by ethnic similarities, shared traditions, or government by larger imperial power.

Grand Canal

________: a vital artery that connected the Yellow and Yangzi rivers.

Caliph

________: combined political and religious power to one person who governed the Muslim world.

Pueblos

________: complex dwellings where people lived.

Pax Mongolica

________: a brief period of semi- unification in Eurasia.

Habsburg Family

________: gained permanent control over the imperial throne of the Holy Roman Empire in 1438.

Maya

________: Mexican classical period was full of city- states and kingdoms, they created the concept of zero and the long- count calendar.

Civil Service Exams

________: how Song China would choose scholar- officials.

Feudalism

________: system in which monarchs awarded land to loyal followers, or vassals, and in return vassals guaranteed that the land would be governed and protected.

Daimyo

________: Japanese noble warlords who worked with the shogun.

Joan of Arc

________: warrior maid who helped France win the Hundred Years War.

Song Empire

________: one of the longest dynasties, 960- 1279.

Marco Polo

________: a European merchant who traveled from Venice to Asia on the Silk Road.

Ghana

________: important in trans- Sharan trade due to large deposits of gold.

Knights

________: elite armored cavalry, a style of combat that required wealth and lifelong training.

Pre Columbian Era

________: years before 1492 in the Americas.

Christianity

________ was legalized and adopted by Rome in the 300s and became a cultural, intellectual, and political force because it provided unity in unstable times.

Genghis Khan

________: founder of the Mongol empire.

Excommunication

________: kicked out of the Church.

Sunni Shiite Split

________: occurred after the Islam civil war.

Heresy

________: belief or opinion that contradicts the church or a religion.

Bushido

________: samurai code of loyalty and honor.

Zheng He

________: expanded trade and learned about the outside world.

Nations-states

countries as formally defined political entities, in the modern sense of the world

Cultural spheres

defined less by political boundaries and more by ethnic similarities, shared traditions, or government by larger imperial power

Roman Law

especially the Justinian code, compiled in Byzantium during the 500s remained a keystone in Western legal thought

Black Death

bubonic plague epidemic from 1346-1353 which made Europe lose 20-30% of its population

Feudalism

system in which monarchs awarded land to loyal followers, or vassals, and in return vassals guaranteed that the land would be governed and protected

Noble Class/Aristocracy

evolved from people who got the largest pieces of land in feudalism

Knights

elite armored cavalry, a style of combat that required wealth and lifelong training

Chivalry

was supposed to make sure that knights acted as virtuous Christian warriors by treating the lower classes and women with delicacy and respect

Manorial System

political, economic, and social system by which the peasants of medieval Europe were rendered dependent on their land and on their lord

Serfs

peasants who were not technically slaves but were tied to a feudal lords land without the right to change profession or residence without permission

Catholic Papacy

they had lots of political power during the Middle Ages

Magna Carta

allowed for nobility to get various rights and ensured monarchy was not above the law

Parliament

which made laws in conjunction with the king and gradually became more representative

Common Law

system in England that allowed for jury trials and observing basic public liberties

Hundred Years War

occurred during 1337-1453 between France and England over French territory, in which France won

Joan of Arc

warrior maid who helped France win the Hundred Years War

Habsburg Family

gained permanent control over the imperial throne of the Holy Roman Empire in 1438

City-states

an independent sovereign city that serves as the center of political, economic, and cultural life over its contiguous territory

Renaissance

occurred in 1200s-1300s and started in Florence, Italy

Reconquista

a series of campaigns by Christian states to recapture territory from the Moors or Muslims

Byzantium

also known as the Eastern Roman Empire and it was the strongest and most advanced state in medical Europe

Constantinople

capital of Byzantium and was home to around 1 million people

Eastern Orthodoxy

a religion that is a part of the Christian branch

Captured Constantinople

in 1453 by Ottoman Turks due to gunpowder weaponry

Caesaropapism

a political system in which the head of the state is also the head of the church and supreme judge in religious matters

Ideal of Christendom

the concept of Europe as a single civilization, joined by a common allegiance to the Christian church

Heresy

belief or opinion that contradicts the church or a religion

Excommunication

kicked out of the Church

Holy Inquisition

a set of special courts that punished nonconformity

Crusades

holy wars

First Crusade

occurred from 1096-1099 and was against the Byzantine requests for aid against the Seljuk Turks who wanted to capture Jerusalem

Saladin

skilled Kurdish general who held back the Third Crusade and recaptured Jerusalem

Fourth Crusade

occurred during 1202-1204 and turned into a war against Christian Constantinople

Islam

a religion that originated in the Middle East and played a heavy political and social role in daily life

Dar al-Islam

one of the two spheres in the Islamic world where Sharia Law was dominant

Sharia Law

allowed Muslims to worship freely

Dar al-Harb

one of two spheres in the Islamic world where Islam was not established

Caliph

combined political and religious power to one person who governed the Muslim world

Circle of Justice

predated the rise of Islam but guided the caliphates and the Ottoman Empire that followed them

Sunni-Shiite Split

occurred after the Islam civil war

Arabic

the official language of the Muslim world

Abbasid Caliphate

occurred during 750-1258 and presided over the golden age of Islamic culture and built many centers of learning

Baghdad

capital of Abbasid Caliphate

Madrasas

centers of learning

Mongols

captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph

Mamluk

elite cavalry

Black Death

came from China and was a bubonic plague epidemic

Ottoman Turks

Middle Eastern dominant power that arouse during the 1300s

Devshirme

also known as the blood tax which forcibly recruited boys from non-Muslim families and placed them in positions of privileged servitude

Janissary

a member of an elite corps in the standing army of the Ottoman Empir

Fall of Constantinople

occurred in 1453 due to gunpowder weaponry by the Ottomans