Age of Revolution + Industrial Revolution

What did the Congress of Vienna attempt to do?

To restore Europe as it had been before the French Revolution and Napoleonic conquests

What greivances did the members of the French third estate have prior to the French Revolution?

They spoke out mainly against the financial privileges held by the two other Estates

Cause(s) of the French Revolution

France was on the brink of bankruptcy due to its involvement in the American Revolution and King Louis XVI's extravagant spending

Causes of the American Revolution

Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, the Intolerable Acts

Radical initiatives of the Committee of Public Safety

Some included harsh measures being taken against the alleged enemies of the Revolution

Political and social outcomes of the French Revolution

Included putting an end to the feudal system, disbanding a kingdom and its monarchy, and establishing civil laws and fairer representation of all peoples under governance, as well as it unifying and strengthening France as a country and a people.

Changes Napoleon brought to France

He reduced the rights of women. He ended freedom of the press, constrained freedom of association, and created a new, greedy nobility. He was responsible for a lot of death and destruction. Also, he centralised administration of government, a higher education system, a central bank, law codes and a road and sewer system

Specific actions the Congress of Vienna leaders took to fulfill said goal

Includes restoring the French monarchy pre-Napoleonic conquests

Significance of the Congress of Vienna

Is the first genuine attempt to forge an 'international order', to bring long-term peace to a troubled Europe, and to control the pace of political change through international supervision and intervention.

What event symbolically marks the beginning of the French Revolution?

The Storming of the Bastille

What name did the radical political faction of the revolution go by?

Jacobin

What document captured the enlightened goals of the French Revolution?

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

What three words captured the essence of the above document? They became the slogan of the revolution.

"Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité"

"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"

The members of the National Assembly swore to stay assembled until a new constituion had been created, this was called which oath?

Tennis Court

The French Revolution led to the death of which French king?

Louis XVI

Two developments that caused the revolution to become radicalized are...

Growing dissatisfaction with the conservative course of the Revolution and the emergence of coalitions of other European powers determined to end the Revolution.

What was the Reign of Terror?

A violent period during the French Revolution from 1793-1794 when the Radicals led by Maximilien Robespierre were running the Government.

What were the goals of Maximillian Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety?

To defend the nation against foreign and domestic enemies, as well as to oversee the new functions of the executive government.

After the French Revolution, what military leader spread ideas of the French Revolution beyond the French border?

Napoleon

What invasion proved disastrous for this general?

The one of Russia

What was the legal system which emphasized equality
before the law and private property rights throughout areas conquered by Napoleon?

The Napoleonic Code

What did Napoleon implement in order to strangle Great Britain economically by denying it European markets?

The Continental System

In Egypt, what did Napoleon's soldiers discover to help them decipher the meaning of hieroglyphics?

The Rosetta Stone

Where did coalition forces initially send Napoleon into exile?

The island of Elba

What was Napoleon's final military defeat?

The Battle of Waterloo

Napoleon died on which island?

St. Helena

Two new political philosophies that emerged after the Congress of Vienna

Nationalism and Liberalism

What was the new race-based (caste system) social hierarchy in colonial Latin America?

A social system in which class status is determined at birth. The Spanish had mixed-race children in the Americas with enslaved Africans and Native Americans. Status was determined by how "Spanish" one was, so those with little to no Spanish blood were in the lowest class.

How did Spain and Portugal maintain control of their Latin American domains?

The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 drew a north-to-south line through South America. Spain gained territory west of the line, while Portugal retained the lands east of the line, including the east coast of Brazil.

How did the American and French Revolutions influence Latin American independence movements?

They brought forth new expressions of individual rights and freedom that began to influence similar actions in the colonies of Latin America.

What were the underlying causes of the Latin American Revolutions?

Napoleon's invasion of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) in 1807 and 1808, but its roots also lay in the growing discontent of creole elites (people of Spanish ancestry who had been born in Latin America) with the restrictions imposed by Spanish imperial rule.

Which countries gained independence from Spain and Portugal during the 1st quarter of the 19th century?

Colombia, Chile, Paraguay, Venezuela, Argentina, Peru, Costa Rica

Major problems which prevented the newly liberated states in Latin American from holding together were...

Included establishing the legitimacy of their new governments

What segment of Latin American society led the rebellions against the Spanish during the early 1800s?

The Creoles

Who started the Mexican Independence movement?

Father Miguel Hidalgo

Who led the successful slave revolt in Haiti?

Toussant L'Ouverture

Who was known as the "Liberator" in South American history?

Simon Bolivar

What claimed the US would regard as a threat to its own peace and safety at any attempt by European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere?

The Monroe Doctrine

What were some things the agricultural revolution resulted from?

The enclosure movement, and the adoption of new crops, fertilizers, and farming techniques

What were some of the new farming technologies made?

Jethro Tull (1674-1741) invented horse-drawn how and mechanical seeder

Charles "Turnip" Townshend used turnips in a rotation system

What were some statistics regarding the English population earning from land?

By 1700, 80%
By 1800, 40%

What were some British advantages during the Industrial Revolution?

Fluid society, or a mobile workforce

Abundant and raw materials (iron, coal)

Extensive water transportation system (rivers and canals)

Unified and extensive markets

...More British advantages during the Indust. revolution

Highly commercial (protected by navy)

What were developed by the British during the indust. rev?

Financial institutions, patent systems, central banks, and joint stock companies

What other property advantages did the British have?

Abundant capital from the slave trade, overseas posessions, and agriculture
Also were able to secure private property

Did Britiain have any warfare on soil?

No

Was Britain's guild system limited or extensive?

It was limited

Were Britain's paved roads and turn pikes limited or extensive?

It was extensive

What did Britian have a history of during the indust. rev.?

Making smal items (buttons, cloth, pots), and making profits by selling large amounts of them

Where were the coal producing area(s) in Britain?

Around Newcastle and Sheffield

Where were the major areas of woolen cloth production in Britain?

In Exeter, Bath, Norwich, around London, and Manchester

Where were metal goods in Britain produced?

Around Birmingham

Where were exposed coalfields in Britain?

Around Bradford, Sheffield, and Leeds

In 1800, how much coal did miners accumulate in Britain, and how many miners were there?

1 ton of coal; 50k miners

In 1850, how much coal did miners accumulate in Britain, and how many miners were there?

30 tons of coal; 200k miners

In 1880, how much coal did miners accumulate in Britain, and how many miners were there?

300M tons, 500k miners

Describe British Pig Iron production

Between 1750-1830, less than 800k tons of iron was accumulated per year

By 1870, 400,000,000 tons of iron was made by the end of the year

Which processes have been well entrenched in Great Britain for decades?

Domestic, cottage, and the Putting Out systems

How fast and efficient were Great Britain's processes?

The process was slow, inconvenient, and was bad quality

Who increased the weaving speed?

John Kay

What did John Kay's Flying Shuttle lead to?

A demand for more yarn

What met the growing demands for more yarn?

The Spinning Jenny by James Hargeaves

How was the Water Frame better than its counterpart?

Produced thread that was stronger

Who created the illustrious Water Frame?

Richard Arkwright

How much more yarn was made in the 1790s than the 1770s?

10 times the amount

How much did the price of yarn drop between 1780-1850?

85%

Which machines demanded a shift to factories/factory production?

Water power, steam power, and rapid urbanization

What were the early stages of factory production?

Families working and extensive child labor
Thus, kinship ties were preserved

How was discipline enforced in factories?

Being punctual was important, worked long hours, ate at SET hours, and boring work
Workers were also alienated from society

What were early machines dependent on?

Water power

How efficient was Thomas Newcomen's Engine?

Not at all

How did James Watt improve his engine?

By studying Thomas Newcomen's engine

What did Matthew Boulton and James Watt similarly do to their power machines?

Applied steam engines to textile mills