Introduction to Programming, Logic Formulation & Design

Flashcards created from lecture notes on Introduction to Programming, Logic Formulation & Design covering key concepts, PDLC phases, program planning, language translators, and top-down design.

How do Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) and Solid-State Drives (SSDs) differ in their storage mechanisms?

Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) store data on spinning magnetic disks, while Solid-State Drives (SSDs) use flash memory for storage.

How is a computer program defined in the lecture notes?

A computer program is a set of instructions that guide a computer to execute a particular task.

What is an algorithm in the context of program logic formulation?

An algorithm is an individual step or a narrative step-by-step solution to a problem arranged according to the order of priorities.

What are the six phases of the Program Development Lifecycle (PDLC)?

1. Defining the problem
2. Designing the program
3. Coding the program
4. Testing and debugging the program
5. Formalizing the solution
6. Maintaining the program

Which programming language generations are classified as low-level languages?

First generation languages and second generation languages (such as Machine languages and Assembly languages) are classified as low-level languages and are considered hardware friendly.

What are the four components of Program Specification in program development?

1. Program Background
2. The available input
3. The required output
4. Processing requirements or Program Methodology

What structure is illustrated in this top-down program design diagram?

It shows a Master Payroll system decomposed into two processing modules, Compute Salary (with Basic Pay and Overtime) and Compute Deductions (with Compute Tax and Absences/Under-time).

What is the difference between program testing and debugging?

Testing refers to verifying the accuracy or workability of the solution, whereas debugging is the process of locating/identifying and correcting errors in the program.

What are the two types of errors encountered during program development?

Syntax error and logic error.

How do an Assembler, an Interpreter, and a Compiler differ in converting code?

An Assembler converts assembly language to object code. An Interpreter converts high-level language code to object code on a line-by-line basis. A Compiler converts high-level language code to object code on a whole-program basis.

What components are included in formal Program Documentation?

Program Documentation includes Program Specifications, Program Design, Program Source Code Listing, Listing of Test Data used, Sample Output layout, Hardware and Software requirements, and User's Manual.

How are the required output, available input, and processing requirements derived during problem analysis?

Defining the problem determines the required output; assembling given data and assigning variable names determines available input; discovering relationships and expressing them as equations determines processing requirements.

In a program plan to compute Voltage from Current and Resistance, what is the processing requirement equation?

$$\text{Voltage} = \text{Current} \times \text{Resistance}$$

In the two-number calculations program plan, what formula is used to calculate the average ($\text{Ave}$)?

$$\text{Ave} = \frac{\text{Number1} + \text{Number2}}{2}$$

In the senior citizen discount program plan, what processing logic is applied when $\text{Age} \text{ >= } 60$?

$\text{Discount} = 0.2 \times \text{TotAmt}$ and $\text{Amount Due} = \text{TotAmt} - \text{Discount}$. (If age is less than $60$, $\text{Amount Due} = \text{TotAmt}$).

What four criteria are listed under programming language logic?

Robustness, Reliability, Efficiency, and Readability.