Psych Exam 4

In the United States, 15- to 24-year-olds account for_____ of the 20 million new STI infections each year.

nearly half

According to David Elkind, the personal fable and imaginary audience are parts of adolescent

egocentrism

The_____ is the part of adolescent egocentrism that involves a sense of uniqueness and invincibility.

personal fable

The majority of unintentional injuries in adolescence involve

motor vehicle accidents.

In the formal operational stage, adolescents begin to think more as a scientist thinks, devising plans to solve problems and systematically testing solutions. This type of problem solving requires

hypothetical-deductive reasoning.

According to a national survey_____ boys exercised the most,_____ girls the least.

non-Latino White; Black American

Most anorexic individuals are young adult females from

families with functional problems.

National data indicated that 12- to 19-year-olds who were obese increased from 12 percent of boys in 1994 to what percentage by 2018?

nearly 22 percent

In Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the_____ stage is proposed as the fourth and final stage.

Formal operational

The Family Matters program was designed to help families of adolescents to reduce the amount of

cigarette and alcohol use.

_____ is a hormone associated in boys with genital development, increased height, and a deepening of the voice.

Testosterone

Which of the following is a school-related reason for leaving school?

being expelled

_____ proposed that around 7 years of age, children enter the concrete operational stage of cognitive development.

Jean Piaget

In the United States, the average age of menarche has_____ since the mid-nineteenth century.

declined significantly

_____ learning is a form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community.

Service

A recent Korean study of more than 30,000 girls found that early menarche was associated with

increased risk-taking.

In_____ executive function, psychological processes involve conscious control driven by logical thinking and critical analysis.

cool

A girl's first menstruation is called

menarche.

Adolescent use of alcohol has recently shown

a sizeable decline.

_____ are the third leading cause of death in adolescence.

Suicides

The peak rate of pubertal change occurs at_____ years for girls and_____ years for boys.

11½; 13½

Which of the following terms refers to being aware of the options and alternatives that are available and adapting to the situation?

cognitive flexibility

_____ are powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by the bloodstream.

Hormones

In a study of 13- to 19-year-olds in Singapore, short sleep duration of less than 7 hours on school nights was associated with low

levels of motivation.

A cross-cultural comparison found that among 21 countries,_____ had the lowest adolescent pregnancy rate among 15- to 19-year-olds.

Switzerland

Which of the following qualifies as binge drinking, as defined in the University of Michigan surveys?

having five or more drinks in a row in the last two weeks

Research by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation suggests that only_____ of U.S. high school graduates have the academic skills required to succeed in college.

25 percent

The_____ is adolescents' belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are, often accompanied by attention-getting behavior—attempts to be noticed, visible, and "on stage."

imaginary audience

In the context of cognitive control, having confidence in one's ability to adapt one's thinking to a particular situation is an aspect of

self-efficacy.

In which of the following groups is death through homicide especially common in adolescence?

Black American males

Which of the following hormones is associated with breast, uterine, and skeletal development in girls?

estradiol

Adolescent engagement in sexting has become increasingly common. For example, in a recent national study of U.S. middle and high school students,_____ percent reported they had sent a sext, and_____ percent indicated they had received a sext.

13; 18.5

Recent research revealed that_____ parenting was linked to lower adolescent alcohol consumption and cigarette use.

authoritative

Which of the following are an example of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC)?

contraceptive implants

Which of the following is typically the last male pubertal characteristic to emerge?

growth of facial hair

During the beginning of the_____ stage, when assimilation dominates, an adolescent's thoughts are full of idealism and possibilities.

formal operational

Which theorist proposed the "storm-and-stress" view that adolescence is a turbulent time charged with conflict and mood swings?

G. Stanley Hall

Which of the following terms refers to a heightened self-consciousness among adolescents?

adolescent egocentrism

According to Jean Piaget, around age 11, the fourth stage of cognitive development begins—the_____ stage.

formal operational

Since the 1950s, the adolescent suicide rate has

tripled

The mean age at the beginning of the growth spurt in girls is_____.

9

Based on the age of onset, when is anorexia nervosa most likely to begin?

early to middle adolescent years

Anorexia nervosa is a(n)

eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.

Almost half of all deaths from 15 to 24 years of age are due to_____, with the majority of them involving_____.

unintentional injuries; motor vehicle accidents

Peaking at 14 to 15 years of age,_____ executive function includes psychological processes driven by emotion, with emotion regulation an especially important process.

hot

Recent research (Fadus, Smith, & Squeglia, 2019) suggests that_____ is/are serving as a gateway for adolescent smoking of marijuana.

e-cigarettes

If_____ are not developed during childhood, critical-thinking skills are unlikely to mature in adolescence.

fundamental skills

The_____, where fibers connect the brain's left and right hemispheres, thickens in adolescence, and this improves adolescents' ability to process information.

corpus callosum

In the last half of the twentieth century and the first several years of the twenty-first century, U.S. high school dropout rates

declined

One study found that low rates of delinquency from 14 to 23 years of age were associated with a(n)_____ parenting style.

authoritative

Late bloomers comprise approximately 10 percent of_____ who say that they have had no experience with romantic relationships.

17- to 19-year-olds

In recent research, which of the following program types was linked to a reduction in delinquency?

family therapy

The four problems that affect the most adolescents are drug abuse, sexual problems, school-related problems, and

family problems

At which grade level does conformity to peers peak?

eighth and ninth grades

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following developmental stages is experienced by an individual during adolescence?

identity versus identity confusion

At approximately_____ years of age, two types of romantic involvement occur: casual dating and dating in groups.

14 to 16

Which of the following is the identity status in which a crisis is present but commitment is absent?

identity moratorium

Which of the following is Erikson's fifth developmental stage?

identity versus identity confusion

The initial stage of the development of romantic relationships in adolescence is characterized by entry into romantic attractions and affiliations at about_____ years of age.

11 to 13

Many of the cognitive changes thought to influence religious development involve

Piaget's cognitive developmental theory.

At_____ years of age, romantic relations are characterized by strong emotional bonds more closely resembling those in adult romantic relationships.

17 to 19

_____, the most influential theorist to discuss the importance of adolescent friendships, proposed that friends become increasingly important in meeting social needs in adolescence.

Harry Stack Sullivan

Most adolescents from ethnic minority groups develop a(n)_____ identity.

bicultural

Early-onset antisocial behavior is defined as antisocial behavior before age_____.

11

Which period does James Marcia define as a period of identity development during which an individual is exploring alternatives?

crisis

Which of the following is the term that most researchers use to describe crisis?

exploration

In 2019,_____ percent of U.S. adolescent girls attempted suicide, compared with_____ percent of adolescent boys (Underwood & others, 2020).

11; 6.6

Identify the status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments.

identity diffusion

Which of the following groups has the highest number of suicide attempts?

American Indian/Alaska Native female adolescents

Which of the following is the most frequently cited factor associated with adolescent suicide?

depression

"Jocks" who are good at sports or "druggies" who take drugs are examples of

crowds

Which of the following is the third-leading cause of death in 10- to 19-year-olds today in the United States?

suicide

The amount of daily discretionary time that American adolescents have is_____ what adolescents have in East Asia.

significantly more than

During what stage, according to Erik Erikson, are adolescents faced with deciding who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life?

identity versus identity confusion

Recent data (Geyser, 2021) indicate that in 2020, 16- to 24-year-old girls preferred

Instagram

Eriksonian researcher James Marcia reasons that Erikson's theory of identity development contains_____ of identity, or ways of resolving an identity crisis.

four statuses

According to Livingston, in 2019, 15- to 17-year-olds spent how long each day, on average, engaging in screen time?

3 hours and 4 minutes

Which of the following is/are mainly driving the increased media use by adolescents?

cell phones

In populations with high-risk profiles, predicting adult criminal convictions by age 25 is possible with as little as

one teacher screen taken during kindergarten or first grade.

A_____ is a ceremony or ritual that marks an individual's transition from one status to another and mostly focuses on the transition to adult status.

rite of passage

Identify the group that is LEAST likely to exhibit suicidal behavior.

Black American male adolescents

Which of the following constitutes the first step in the dual cycle identity model?

the formation cycle

Identity_____ is the status of individuals who have made a commitment but not experienced a crisis.

foreclosure

Which of the following is the last stage of the development of romantic relationships in adolescence?

consolidating dyadic romantic bonds

Conflict with parents often escalates during

early adolescence.

Based on survey results, which of the following is the primary way that most adolescents preferred to connect with friends?

text messaging

What is the term for a self-centered and self-concerned approach toward others?

narcissism

Fast Track is an intervention program that attempts to lower the risk of

juvenile delinquency.

A longitudinal study (Liu & Lachman, 2019) indicated that a low SES in childhood is associated with_____ in middle and late adulthood.

lower cognitive function

Ethnic_____ is an enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group along with the attitudes and feelings related to that membership.

identity

The status of identity_____ occurs most often when parents hand down commitments to their adolescents, usually in an authoritarian way, before adolescents have had a chance to explore different approaches, ideologies, and vocations on their own.

foreclosure

Which of the following terms did Erikson use for a period in which society leaves adolescents relatively free of responsibilities and free to try out different identities?

psychosocial moratorium

_____ is the identity status in which crisis and commitment are both absent and the individual is undecided about or shows little interest in occupational and ideological choices.

Identity diffusion

Which of the following terms did Erik Erikson use for the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy?

psychosocial moratorium

Sullivan argued that the need for_____ intensifies during early adolescence, motivating teenagers to seek out close friends.

intimacy

Religious adolescents are more likely than nonreligious adolescents to

engage in community service.

_____ reflects an individual's personal investment in identity.

Commitment

Adolescents who do not successfully resolve their identity crisis suffer from what Erikson calls

identity confusion.

According to the text, adolescent media use has_____ in the last decade.

increased dramatically

Based on survey results, which of the following is the main way that adolescents connect with their friends?

text messaging