anatomy & physiology 2 - digestive system (FINAL EXAM)

_____ are substances that are used for energy, raw materials, and maintenance of the body system (i.e., carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals, and water)

nutrients

_____ is unusable material that’s eliminated after passing through the digestive system

waste

the _____ is a muscular tube with epithelium that varies according to specialized functions along its length; it’s about 8m long

alimentary tract

food is broke down physically and chemically, _____ through the pharynx and _____ through the rest to allow for absorption

fast; slow

the _____ lines the digestive tract; it secretes mucous, acid, and enzymes, absorbs water and goodies, acts as a barrier to stop noxious substances and pathogens, and it acts as immunologic protection due to lymphatic tissue being the first line of defense

alimentary mucosa

_____ is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods into forms that cell membranes can absorb; organs of this system carry out these processes and: ingestion, propulsion, absorption, and defection; it consists of the alimentary canal extending from the mouth to the anus, plus accessory organs that empty into the alimentary canal

digestion

the _____ secrete saliva which contains enzymes that initiate the breakdown of carbohydrates

salivary glands

the _____ is involved with the mechanical breakdown of food and begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates

mouth

the _____ secretes acid and enzymes; it mixes food with secretions to begin the enzymatic digestion of proteins

stomach

the _____ mixes food with bile and pancreatic juice; this is also the site of the final enzymatic breakdown of food molecules and the main site of nutrient absorption

small intestine

the _____ absorbs water and electrolytes to form feces

large intestine

the _____ regulates the elimination of feces

rectum

the _____ produces bile which emulsifies fat

liver

the _____ stores bile and introduces it into the small intestine

gallbladder

the _____ produces and secretes pancreatic juice, containing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions, into the small intestine

pancreas

the _____ includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestine

alimentary canal

the _____ of the digestive system include the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and the pancreas

accessory organs

_____ is the wet food you swallow; once it’s in the stomach and is in the form of a milkshake, it’s called _____

bolus; chyme

the _____ surround the mouth opening and function to contain sensory receptors used to judge the characters of foods; the red color of these structures is due to blood vessels that we can see through the skin; the top is made of stratified squamous keratinized (thin skin) and the bottom is made of stratified squamous non-keratinized

lips

the _____ is the voluntary sphincter of the mouth that allows you to pucker your lips

orbicularis oris

the _____ form the lateral walls of the mouth and function to hold food in the mouth and have muscles to help chew food; they have a lot of fat as well which diminishes with age

cheeks

the _____ is the muscle in the cheek

buccinator

the _____ is on the floor of the mouth; it functions to mix food with saliva and move food toward the pharynx; it also contains taste receptors

tongue

the _____ forms the roof of the mouth; it functions to hold food in the mouth and direct food to the pharynx

palate

the _____ are in the sockets of the mandibular and maxillary bones; they function to break food particles into smaller pieces and they help mix food with saliva during chewing

teeth

the _____ is the space between the lips/cheek and teeth

vestibule

the _____ is behind the teeth with the hard and soft palates above, the tongue below, and has an entrance to the oropharynx posteriorly

oral cavity

the tonsillar ring is a ring of lymphatic nodules; there are _____, _____, and _____ tonsils

palatine; pharyngeal (adenoid); lingual

the _____ forms the roof of the oral cavity and consists of a hard anterior part and a soft posterior part

palate

the _____ palate is made of the maxilla and the palatine bone; the _____ is made of cartilage

hard; soft

_____ is firmly attached to bone of the hard palate and the gums

submucosa

the _____ is made of intrinsic and extrinsic skeletal muscle; it’s involved with eating, swallowing, and speech; the underside of this muscle has a smooth surface and is made of stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium; the anterior part (2/3) of this muscle is called the _____ and the posterior (1/3) is known as the _____

tongue; body; root

_____ are the little dots that cover the dorsal surface of the tongue; the _____ separate the body and root of the tongue

papillae; circumvallate papillae

the _____ papillae are tall, narrow, pointed keratinized spikes that have no taste buds

filiform

_____ papillae are schroom-shaped small dots that make up most of the tastebuds allowing us to taste; most of them are anterior

fungiform

the _____ papillae are parallel, low ridges on the side of the tongue

foliate

the _____ papillae are 8-12 large domes with a moat surrounding

circumvallate

_____ are oval, pale-staining, thickness of the epithelium of the tongue; at the apex of this structure is at a taste pore; their sensory cells last about 10 days; besides on papillae, they’re scattered around other places in the mouth and there are about 10,000 in the mouth; they’re mostly found on fungiform papillae

taste buds

the taste buds have cilia which have receptors for chemicals; then the nerve that goes to the back of the tongue goes into the _____ which allows you to determine the taste using the retrieval center

brain

the 5 senses that the brain can interpret include: _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____

sweet; sour; salty; bitter; umami

_____ refers to sugar; _____ refers to acids involving H+ ions; _____ refers to primarily Na+; _____ refers to alkaloid; _____ refers to glutamate

sweet; sour; salty; bitter; umami

_____ function to fragment food; the mandibular and maxillary ones oppose each other, and the _____ joint permits sliding around

teeth; tempomandibular

we have 20 _____ teeth (baby) and 32 _____ teeth (adult)

deciduous; permanent

_____ is the hardest substance in the body; it’s made of 96-98% hydroxyapatite (calcium salts); it can be as thick as 2.5mm on the cusps of the tooth; the anatomic crown of the tooth is covered by this

enamel

enamel can be de-calcified by _____; therefore, _____ makes enamel more resistant because it sticks to calcium on the surface, thus preventing dental caries

acids; fluoride

_____ covers the root of the tooth; it’s bone like material that’s 65% mineral

cementum

the _____ is made of collagen and elastic fibers that connects the cementum to the body matrix of the tooth socket

periodontal ligament

_____ is the calcified material that forms most of the tooth; it has less hydroxyapatite than enamel (only about 70%); it’s laid down as narrow channels called dentine tubules

dentin

the _____ cavity of the tooth is made of connective tissue, nerves, and vessels; vessels and nerves enter through the _____ and some nerves extend into the dental tubules; there’s a decrease in volume of this cavity with age because dentin is continuously deposited on the inside

pulp; apical foramen

the _____ are the alveolar bone of the maxilla and mandible; they’re lost in periodontal disease or if an occluding tooth is lost

tooth sockets

_____ (gums) are part of the oral mucosa and are firmly attached to the tooth and underlying bone; the sulcus can be a problem due to plaque build up

gingiva

_____ disease occurs “around the tooth” due to continued bacterial infection so the cementum becomes exposed and the tooth becomes loose; it causes 75% of adult teeth to be lost

periodontal

_____ glands produce saliva; there are 3 main ones: the _____ glands which are in front of the ears, the _____ glands which are under the mandible, and the _____ glands under the tongue

salivary; parotid; submandibular; sublingual

the _____ glands develop from oral epithelium (cords of cells); they’re highly branched lobules of secretory cells

salivary

the _____ glands are the largest salivary glands that sit in front of the ears; they’re serous and contain a large amount of _____ which breaks down starches and sugars; there’s a big duct that opens by the 2nd upper molar and contain lots of fat

parotid; amylase

the _____ glands are the salivary glands that are mostly serous and lie under the floor of the mouth close to the mandible; their ducts run under the tongue

submandibular

the _____ glands are the salivary glands that are mostly mucous-secreting, located on the floor of the mouth and under the tongue; they contain many ducts

sublingual

_____ is the ability to spit two waterworks due to the submandibular waterworks

gleeking

_____ is a combined secretion of major and minor glands'; it’s volume exceeds that of other digestive secretions by as much as 40x at about 1,200mL/day; it functions to moisten and dissolve food, to taste, buffer pH, digest starch (amylase), and control bacteria; if the glands that produce this are removed, dental caries occur; the _____ system creates watery substance whereas the _____ system creates little/mucousy substance

saliva; parasympathetic; sympathetic

the inner part of the alimentary canal is called the _____; it’s also known as the opening in the middle of the tube

lumen

the inside layer of the alimentary canal is called the _____ layer; this layer varies the most and is adapted to the specific function of each specific part; it functions in protection, absorption, and secretion meaning it’s also a barrier between the lumen and the inside of the body. it’s made of epithelium, connective tissue, and smooth muscle

mucosa

the _____ is made of stratified squamous epithelium to deal with material like pretzel shards; the rest of the alimentary canal contains _____ epithelium with tight junctions

esophagus; columnar

_____ increases with an increased surface area; the structures that help with increasing surface area include: the small intestine’s, _____ (mucosal projections of the small intestine), and _____ (microscopic projections)

absorption; villi; microvilli

_____ act as a secretory function to produce mucous for protective lubrication, buffering, enzymes, HCl, hormones, water, and antibodies; some of these glands include the mucosal glands, submucosal glands, and big glands of the liver and pancreas

glands

the _____ is made of loose connective tissue, blood & lymphatic vessels, nerves, and glands; it functions to nourish the surrounding tissue and transport absorbed materials

submucosa

the _____ is usually, in most areas, 2 concentric layers of smooth muscle; it’s usually made of a circular and longitudinal layer which tighten and loosen the spiral to move food along; it functions to move the tube and its contents

muscularis externa

the _____ is the outermost layer of the guts' (also known as “visceral peritoneum”) which is made up of epithelium and connective tissue; it functions in protection and lubrication

serosa

the _____ (greater omentum) attach to the serosa which hang the intestines off the back wall; they also store fat

mesenteries

branches of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system extensively innervate the alimentary canal including the _____ plexus which controls secretions and the _____ plexus which controls GI motility

submucosal; myenteric

_____ impulses increase activities of the digestive system whereas _____ impulses inhibit certain digestive actions

parasympathetic; sympathetic

_____ of the gut mix and propel the contents of the gut; _____ refers to the waves of contraction; the start/end of the tube has _____ muscle whereas the middle has _____ muscle

muscles; peristalsis; striated; smooth

_____ are circular muscle that thicken to create valves; for example, the upper and lower esophageal _____ function to keep the esophagus empty

sphincters

the _____ sphincter controls the release of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine (duodenum)

pyloric

the _____ valve prevents the reflux of contents from the large intestine to the small intestine

ileocecal

the _____ anal sphincter is made of smooth muscle, keeping feces in the rectum, not in the anal canal; the _____ anal sphincter is made of skeletal muscle

internal; external

_____ is repetitive relaxation in front of bolus and and constriction behind the bolus to push the food forward; _____ is mixing that doesn’t involve movement

peristalsis; segmentation

the _____ is a cavity posterior to the mouth from which the tubular esophagus leads to the stomach; both this and the esophagus muscular walls function in swallowing

pharynx

swallowing can be divided into 3 stages: the _____ stage where saliva is mixed with chewed food, swallowing then begins and the swallowing _____ is triggered, then _____ transports food in the esophagus to the stomach

voluntary; reflex; peristalsis

the mechanisms of _____ are as follows…

1) the palate and uvula raise

2) the hyoid bone and larynx elevate

3) the epiglottis closes off the top of the trachea

4) the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx contract

5) the inferior constrictor muscles relax and the esophagus opens

6) the peristaltic waves push food through the pharynx

swallowing

the esophagus has to go through a hole in the diaphragm; if this hole is loose, the stomach can slide up behind the heart which is called a _____; it can slide up and down

hiatal hernia

the _____ is a J-shaped, pouch-like, muscular, distensible sac that stores food; it’s about 25-30cm long and holds about 1 liter; it hangs inferior to the diaphragm in the upper-left portion of the abdominal cavity; it has 3 layers of muscle: an inner _____ layer, an outer _____ layer, and an inner layer of _____ fibers; it takes about 3-6 hours to empty

stomach; circular; longitudinal; oblique

_____ are the folds on the inside of the stomach wall that disappear when the stomach is extended

rugae

the _____ region of the stomach is near the esophagus

cardiac

the expanded upper part of the stomach is called the _____

fundus

the _____ region of the stomach makes up most of the organ

body

the _____ region of the stomach is near the pyloric sphincter (which keeps the food in the stomach)

pylorus

the _____ sphincter keeps stomach acid from going up into the esophagus; it can cause heart burn if it’s not closed properly

lower esophageal

the _____ membrane of the stomach has tubular gastric glands that secrete many substances

mucous

_____ is made from chief cells; it’s the inactive form of pepsin

pepsinogen

_____ is formed from pepsinogen in the presence of hydrochloric acid; it breaks down proteins

pepsin

_____ is made from parietal cells; it’s needed to convert pepsinogen into pepsin

hydrochloric acid

_____ comes from the goblet cells and the mucous glands; it protects the stomach wall from acids

mucus

_____ is made from parietal cells'; it’s required to absorb vitamin B12

intrinsic factor

_____ breaks down lipids, but it doesn’t work well in acidic conditions

gastric lipase

epithelial cells of the stomach are renewed every _____ days meaning it has high mitotic activity; most of these cells move up to replace the surface mucous cells that are shed into the stomach

3-5

_____ cells in the stomach last the longest (about 150-200 days); _____ cells last about 60-90 days; _____ cells last about 6 days

parietal; chief/endocrine; mucous neck

the _____ nerve is the parasympathetic nerve that gives off acetylcholine which allows the stomach to start producing juices; it also secretes a hormone called _____ which also makes the cells secrete more juices

vagus; gastrin

cells next to the parietal cells secrete _____ which inhibits acid production in the stomach; however, _____ can inhibit these cells so that acid production can happen

somatostatin; acetylcholine

the _____ phase of gastric secretion is the sight, taste, smell, or thought of food that triggers parasympathetic reflexes; gastric juice is secreted in response

cephalic

the _____ phase of gastric secretion is when there’s food in the stomach which chemically and mechanically stimulates the release of gastrin, which in turn, stimulates the secretion of gastric juice; reflex responses also stimulates gastric juice secretion

gastric