Learn: [UNIT 1 Quiz 2] Eukaryote Diversity Concepts Quizlet (Kraft, FSU, Fall 2026)

Archaeplastida

The lineage of organisms that underwent primary endosymbiosis for photosynthesis:

Bryophytes

Embryophytes: Seedless, no vascular tissue, relies on access to water for reproductive success. Cannot grow very big/ tall, herbaceous and non-woody, represent the ANCESTRAL state of all land plants

Lycophytes & Pterophytes

Embryophytes: First to develop vascular tissue (xylem and phloem), have true leaves, DO NOT have seeds, cell walls strengthened with lignin, have flagellated sperm for transport through water

Gymnosperms

Embryophytes: Lack fruits and ovaries, but produce seeds; have vascular tissue; includes cypresses, conifers, cycads, and ginkgos

Angiosperms

Embryophytes: have ovaries and bear fruits that contain seeds, have vascular tissue, have true leaves, split into two groups: Monocots and Eudicots (or dicots)

Monocot

1 cotyledon, fibrous roots, petals and organs in multiples of three, parallel leaf veins, scattered vascular tissue:

Eudicot

2 cotyledons, tap roots, petals and organs in multiples of 4 or 5, net-like leaf veins, rings of vascular tissue:

Polytomy

Multiple (more than two) branches coming off of one node; a representation of unclear divergence order on a phylogenetic tree

Unikonts

Supergroup that includes fungi, animals, and some protists, NO photosynthesis and all levels of complexity

Amoebazoans

Unikonts that have lobe-or-tube shaped pseudopodia (unlike Rhizaria, which have thread-like pseudopodia). Include slime molds, entamoebas, & gymnamoebas

Opisthokonts

Unikonts that include fungi, nucleariids, animals, and choanoflagellates

Ascomycetes

Fungi: yeasts, truffles, morels, penicillium mold

Basidiomycetes

Fungi: common mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi

Ctenophora

Phylum: Unknown/ debated phylogenetic position (morphologically similar to porifera and cnidaria, molecularly hinted at splitting off sooner due to no nerve net), bilateral symmetry, lack stinging cells, use of cilia on body to move

Hox (Homeobox) Genes

"Body plan genes", facilitate body axes and are highly conserved between species

Spicule Morphology

Porifera classification is based on:

Calcarea

Porifera: Calcium carbonate spicules, small sponges of all three body plans.

Demospongiae

Porifera: Some spicules, lots of spongin (gives "spongy" texture). Spicules of silica, spongin

Hexactinellida

Porifera: "Glass" sponges that inhabit the polar deep sea, silica spicules

Homoscleromorpha

Porifera: Encrusting sponges, shallow marine waters, larvae may have epithelial tissue layer. Very few spicules.

Body plan (how long spent in medusa vs polyp stages)

Cnidarian classification is based on:

Polyp

Cylindrical, usually sessile but some can move, solitary OR colonial, mouth/anus facing upward

Medusa

Umbrella or "bell" shaped, floats and moves by contraction; tentacles surround a mouth/anus that faces downward

Hydrazoa

Cnidaria: Conspicuous polyp phase, colonial (e.g. Portuguese man o' war)

Schyphozoa

Cnidaria: Conspicuous medusa phase, small polyp phase (e.g. "true" jellyfish)

Anthozoa

Cnidaria: Large polyp phase, medusa phase is absent (e.g. sea anemones and coral)

Cubozoa

Cnidaria: Conspicuous medusa phase, polyp unknown or inconspicuous (e.g. box jellyfish)

Habitat, free-living vs. parasitic

Platyhelminth classification is based on:

Polycladida

Platyhelminthes: Free-living, brightly colored, marine

Tricladida

Platyhelminthes: Free-living, marine OR terrestrial, cilia and mucus (planaria)

Trematoda

Platyhelminthes: ENDOparasite with vertebrate hosts, "flukes", 2 hosts (requires intermediate)

Monogenea

Platyhelminthes: ECTOparasite, 1 host (does not require intermediate)

Cestoda

Platyhelminthes: ENDOparasite with no mouth, almost entirely reproductive structures, 2 hosts (requires intermediate)

Deviation from HAM traits - foot, shell, visceral body mass, & mantle

Mollusca classification is based on:

Bivalvia

Mollusca: two shells that are hinged, have muscles, include clams and oysters

Gastropoda

Mollusca: body torsion, coiled shell, includes snails, slugs, nudibranchs

Cephlalopoda

Mollusca: foot developed into tentacles, developed a head, shell is reduced or completely lost, includes cuttlefish, squid, octopus, nautilus

Habitat

Annelida classification is based on:

Polychaeta

Annelida: Marine, benthic (living in substrate or floor of ocean), some are tubeworms (e.g. marine beard worms)

Oligochaeta

Annelida: Terrestrial detritivores, (and ectoparasitic relatives including leeches) (e.g. earthworms, leeches)

Nematoda

Phylum: very small roundworms, live in all environments, diversity poorly known (2% described)

Rotifera

Phylum: have 'corona' of cilia surrounding the mouth (wheel of 'animalcules' for collecting food), likely the smallest multicellular organisms, freshwater habitats

Arthropoda

Phylum: Extremely diverse, defined by possession of outer exoskeleton

Tagmatazation (Tagmosis) or how many body segments are present

Arthropoda is organized based on:

Trilobita

Arthropoda: Extinct subphylum that is tri-lobed longitudinally

Myriapoda

Arthropoda: Minimal tagmosis - head and trunk, includes millipedes and centipedes

Chelicerata

Arthropoda: TWO Tagmata - cephalothorax and abdomen, have pincers or "chelicerae", includes ticks and spiders

Crustacea

Arthropoda: TWO Tagmata (usually) - cephalothorax and abdomen, includes crabs, lobsters, barnacles, isopods

Hexapoda

Arthropoda: THREE Tagmata - head, thorax, abdomen, have six legs, includes insects

Flight, tough exoskeletons, small body size

Why are Hexapoda especially successful (large diversity?)

Echinodermata

Phylum: water vascular system, bilaterally symmetrical larvae → bipinnaria, calcareous endoskeleton

Asteroidea

Echinodermata: predators with tube feet, includes starfish

Echinoidea

Echinodermata: have test skeleton, moveable spines; have Aristotle's lantern; includes sea urchins and sand dollars

Holothuroidea

Echinodermata: Radial & bilateral symmetry, have tentacles, feathers & respiratory tree for feeding & defense; includes symbionts & sea cucumber

Cephalochordata

Chordata: Marine, very few species, retain the 4 chordate traits, gas exchange by simple diffusion, pharyngeal slits used for filter feeding, includes lancelets

Urochordata

Chordata: sessile adult has cellulose 'tunic' that grows with the animal, tadpole larvae has all 4 chordate traits but adult only has the pharyngeal slits, includes tunicates and sea squirts

Craniata

Chordata: defined by presence of braincase or 'cranium', have vertebral column, jaws, and adaptations for living on land (which include lungs or lung derivatives/ lobed fins or limbs/ amniotic egg)