Honors US History: Semester 2 Exam Study Guide (Nix)

What was the unexpected outcome of the election of 1796?

The President and the Vice President were from different political parties.

Why did having John Adams as President and Thomas Jefferson as Vice President cause problems?

They disagreed because they were from different parties.

What did the Alien and Sedition Acts do?

Alien: Restricted immigrants;

Sedition: Illegal to say anything bad about the government (went against the 1st Amendment)

What was the XYZ Affair?

The French were impressing US sailors, so we sent diplomats to negotiate peace. They are met by three low level officials who demanded a bribe.

What president purchased the Louisiana Territory?

Thomas Jefferson

What did the Louisiana Purchase do to the size of the US?

It doubled it

What as the Embargo Act of 1807?

It banned all US imports and exports.

What country did the Embargo Act of 1807 hurt the most?

United States

Define impressment.

The British seized American citizens and drafted them into the British Navy.

Why was the case of Marbury v. Madison so important?

Supreme Court had final say on if a law or act was unconstitutional; called judicial review.

What were the reasons for the War of 1812?

British disruption of American trade, British impressment of American sailors, British giving Native Americans arms in the Western territory, war hawks calling for war, and hopes of gaining land in Canada.

What are War Hawks?

Young Congressman from the South and West who called for war.

What battle during the War of 1812 was fought after the war was over?

Battle of New Orleans

Who became a hero at the Battle of New Orleans?

Andrew Jackson

How did the War of 1812 impact the Federalist party?

It led to its decline and downfall.

How did the transportation revolution lead to the market revolution?

It helped to connect the regions and the different factories.

Describe the Lowell Mills.

Textile mills employed by young single women. Some of the first factories in Lowell, MA.

What all led to a more market-oriented national economy?

New inventions, better transportation, factories, and immigrants from Europe settling in the cities.

What economic changes were caused by the industrial revolution? How was the home impacted?

It went from the cottage industry to the factory system.

Who invented the steamboat?

Robert Fulton

Who invented the cotton gin?

Eli Whitney

Who invented interchangeable parts?

Eli Whitney

Where (what region) did industrialization happen in the 1800s?

The North

What was the Missouri Compromise?

Missouri came in as a slave state, Maine came in as a free state, all future states north of the 36 '30 in the Louisiana Territory would be free.

Who came up with the Missouri Compromise?

Henry Clay

What was the purpose of the Monroe Doctrine?

To keep European powers out of ALL the Americas.

What was the temperance movement?

A movement to end the production and consumption of alcohol.

What did Jacksonian Democrats favor?

Universal suffrage for white males, rotation in office, rewarded political supporters with government jobs, and they wanted president electors to be chosen by popular vote.

What section of the US was hurt the most by the Tariff of 1828?

The South

What did the Cherokees do the assimilate themselves into white society?

They had a written constitution, they adopted Christianity, they adopted settled agriculture, and some owned slaves.

Describe Andrew Jackson as a president?

He held grudges, he created the Spoils System, he destroyed the Bank of the United States, and he wanted to make the executive branch more powerful.

Why did Andrew Jackson support the removal of Native Americans from the Eastern states?

White settlers wanted the land.

By the 1830s, how had suffrage changed the US?

Poor white males gained the right to vote.

What was the Second Great Awakening?

A religious revival that stressed that hard work and good deeds were the key to salvation in heaven. Led to the spread of Christianity to African Americans.

How did the Second Great Awakening spread?

3 or 4 day revivals lead by travelling preachers.

What denominations grew as a result of the Second Great Awakening?

Methodist and Baptist

What reform movements were influenced by the Second Great Awakening?

Abolitionist, prison reform, education, and temperance movements.

Who was Dorothea Dix?

Led the prison/mental illness reform.

Who was Horace Mann

Led the education reform movement.

Who was Charles G. Finney?

The preacher who started the Second Great Awakening in upstate New York.

What did the Seneca Falls Declaration declare?

Convention that proposed equality and demanded the right to vote for women.

Who was Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Sojourner Truth?

Women involved in the women's movement.

Who was William Lloyd Garrison?

A rational abolitionist who emerged from the growth of the Second Great Awakening; he was the editor of the Liberator.

What was transcendentalism?

A philosophical and social movement that was a reaction to rationalism.

What was Manifest Destiny?

The belief that the US was ordained by God to go from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.

What was the Underground Railroad?

A series of safe houses established by abolitionists to help slaves escape slavery.

What was the Compromise of 1850?

California came in as a free state, that rest of that territory (New Mexico and Utah) would be up to popular sovereignty, Washington D.C. would ban slave trade, the Fugitive Slave Law was passed.

What did the Fugitive Slave Law require?

People had to help return runaway slaves to their owners.

What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

Divided Nebraska territory into the Kansas and Nebraska territories, and slavery would be decided with popular sovereignty (repealed Missouri Compromise).

What political party did the Kansas-Nebraska Act lead to?

Republican Party

What was "bleeding Kansas"?

When pro-slavery and anti-slavery forced flooded into Kansas trying to swap the vote over free and slave states. Led to violence.

What did Uncle Tom's Cabin do?

A publication that showed the evils of slavery; spread abolition in the North.

What was the Dred Scott decision?

The Constitution protected the rights of slaveholders.

Who said "a house divided against itself cannot stand"?

Abraham Lincoln

Who led an attack on Harper's Ferry?

John Brown

What did Lincoln say was the purpose of the Civil War at the beginning?

To preserve the Union

What happened at the Battle of Chancellorsville?

Stonewall Jackson of the Confederacy was mistakenly shot by his own men.

What was the 54th Massachusetts known for?

An all African American regiment that showed bravery at the Battle of Fort Wagner.

What was the bloodiest single day battle of the Civil War?

Antietam

Where did the first attack occur to start the Civil War?

Fort Sumter

What happened at the New York City Draft Riots?

They occurred over several days, homes of Republican politicians were attacked, some African Americans were lynched, caused by multiple growing tensions.

Why was Vicksburg, MS a big loss for the Confederate Army?

It gave the Union total control of the Mississippi River

What was "total war"?

Attacked cities and civilians to end the war quicker; used by the Union.

Who won the election of 1860?

Abraham Lincoln

What state was the first to secede?

South Carolina

What was the Emancipation Proclamation?

It declared slaves free in the Southern states of rebellion.

How the did Emancipation Proclamation change the focus of the war?

It shifted the focus to ending slavery.

What problems did the south have during the Civil War?

Strong belief in states rights caused disputes within the Confederacy.

Who was Clara Barton?

Union Nurse

What was Clara Barton known for?

Founding the American Red Cross

How did West Virginia emerge as a state?

When Virginia seceded to join the Confederacy, they broke away and joined the Union.

Who was Robert E. Lee?

Commanding General of the Confederate Army

What all states were border states?

Maryland, Delaware, Missouri, and Kentucky

What advantages did the North have during the Civil War?

Large population, railroad network, and industry.

Who was Jefferson Davis?

First and only President of the Confederacy.

Who won the Civil War?

Union

What was the Homestead Act?

Gave cheap land (160 acres) to settlers who would move West.

What happened at the Appomattox Courthouse?

Lee will surrender to Grant, ending the Civil War.

What was the Anaconda Plan?

The Union war strategy to blockade the Confederate coast, take control of the Mississippi River, and capture Richmond.

What was sharecropping?

A way that was created to provide labor to plantation owners. Freed African Americans or poor Whites worked a piece of land in exchange for a share of the crop.

How did sharecropping limit opportunities fro African Americans to own farms and property?

It kept them in constant cycle of debt.

What did the "Solid South" refer to after the Civil War?

The South consistently supporting the Democratic Party.

Describe life for African Americans after the Civil War.

They were mostly sharecroppers, they had to deal with black codes, Jim Crow Laws, and violent groups like the KKK.

What were Jim Crow laws and why were they passed?

Laws that enforced racial segregation and discrimination to keep white supremacy in the South.

What was the Compromise of 1877?

Ended Reconstruction with the final federal troops withdrawn from the South.

What was the 13th Amendment?

Ended slavery

What was the 14th Amendment?

Gave citizenship and civil rights to African Americans.

What was the 15th Amendment?

Gave African American males the right to vote.

Why was President Johnson impeached?

He kept disagreeing with Congress and not doing what they wanted; disobeyed Tenure Act

What did southern states have to do in order to be readmitted to the Union under the congressional plan for Reconstruction?

Ratify the 14th Amendment.

Define Scalawags.

Southerners who joined the Republican Party.

Define Carpetbaggers.

Northerners who moved South during Reconstruction and were part of the Republican Party.

What was the Freedmen's Bureau?

Created to help former slaves with provisions.

What area was the Freedmen's Bureau most successful in?

Education

What did the Supreme Court rule in Plessy v. Furguson?

"Separate but equal" facilities were constitutional; ruled that segregation was legal.

What was the Ku Klux Klan?

A white supremacist group that used violence to stop African Americans from gaining political rights.

What was one success of Reconstruction?

Introduction of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments.

How did the Native Americans of the Great Plains view and use buffalo?

Viewed as sacred; they used the skin for clothing and tepees, they used the bones for cups and spoons.

What happened at the Battle of Little Big Horn?

Crazy Horse and his warriors ending it with the Native American victory; General Custer and his men were killed.

What was the Chinese Exclusion Act?

Placed a 10 year ban on Chinese laborers immigrating to the US.