Abdomen

Adominal Pelvic cavity

Abdominal cavity + Pelvic cavity

Abdominal cavity

Large, superior portion

• extends from diaphragm to superier aspect of boney pelvis

• consists of 

• -stomch

• small and large intestines

• liver gallbladder and mroe

Pelvic cavity

Lies within margins of bony pelvis

pelvic cavity of interest for abdomen positioning

• lliac Crest

• Anterier superior lliac Spine 

• Pubic symphysis

Abdominal Perioneum

Encloses abdominopelvic cavity

Double walled membrane:

Parietal Peritoneum- Outer portion (lines cavity)

Visceral Peritoneum

Inner portion (Surrounds organs)

Mesentery and Omenta

Folds which support the organs into position

Mesentery-

Assist in attachment of the organs to the posterier abdominal wall

Retroperitoneum

Cavity behind the peritoneum wich includes

kidneys

pancreas

Right kidney location

lies lower then left kidney, right flexure of colon usually lower than left flexure

. The liver pushes down the organs on the right side and up on the diaphragm

The flank

Sides of patient between the ribs and the hip

right colic flexure

lower then left flexure

Left colic flexure

Higher than the right colic flexure

diaphragm

shaped like a parachute

Do abdomen on expiration

raises the diaphragm and relax everything

Volvulus

Twisting of the bowel on itself

Volvulus causes?

Idopathic

Volvulus radiographic appearance

Dilated bowel

Volvulus technical factors

subtractive, may have to decrease technique due to air

Volvulus prognosis

Good if treated, necrotic bowel can be life threatening

Pneumoperitoneum

free air in the peroneal cavity of abdomen

Pneumoperitoneum causes

from perforation, surgery, trauma to adnominal walls

Pneumoperitoneum radiographic appearance

air accumulating at the highest point

Pneumoperitoneum complications

Bacteria in the bloodstream, lung abscess, plueral effusions, difficulty breathing

Pneumoperitoneum technical factors

subtractive, decrease technical factors due to air

Pneumoperitoneum Prognosis

Why it was caused, may require surgery

Pneumoperitoneum on x-ray

usually shown on right side above diaphram

Ascites

Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

Ascites

idiopathic, trauma, perforated ulcer, appendicitis, or inflammation of the colon.

Ascites complications

Migration of fluid across diaphragm causing pleural effusion

Ascites radiographic appearance

wash out, overall gray

Ascites technical factors

additive, may have to increase technique

Ascites prognosis

Malignant-poor

cirrhosis-fair

heart failure-fair

Bowel Abstruction

Partial or full blockages of large or small bowel that does not allow substances to pass through

Bowel obstruction causes

idiopathic

mechanical- meaning a physcial blockage, surgical adhesions, tumors

iileus- meaning peristalsis stops

-somethimes called adynamic ileus

Bowel obstruction complications

Necrosis, perforation

Bowel obstruction appearance

Dialation of the bowel

Bowel obstruction technical factors

Depending on blockage, may need to increase/ decrease technical factors

Pica

Phychological disorder of intentional and craving consumption of non-nutritive substances over a period of time

Pica causes

Iorn defiency, malnutrition, pregnancy, autism, schizofrenia

Pica Appearance

Appearance of foreign objects

Pica technical

may need to increase or decrease

AP Supine

Area from public symphasis to the upper abdomen two images may be nessasary if the pateint is tall or wide

AP Supine

centered vertebral column, ribs, pelvis, and hips equidistant to the edge of the imae or collimated borders on both sides

AP Supine

Spinous process in the center of the lumbar vertebra

AP Supine image critique

for urinary tract

• kidneys

• ureter

• bladder

AP Supine marker

always in bottom corner, like hip joint

Have sympathes and two kidneys good image

AP Supine if rortation

Spine will appear in pubic synthesis,

AP Supine 

For Gi concerns or part of abdomen routine, ENTIRE BOWEL MUST BE INCLUDED

AP ERECT

Entire diaghragm without motion must be visualized, their should be a minimal amount of lung visualized

AP ERECT

ERECT must be annotated on the image

AP ERECT

vertebral column should be in the center of the image

Ribs, pelvis, hips should be equidistant to the edges of the radiograph on both sides

AP ERECT

Spinous processes in the center of the lumbar vertebrae

ischial spines of the pelvic symmetric, if visible 

Left lateral Decubitus

Diaphram must be included without motion

Left lateral Decubitis

When they can not stand

Left lateral Decubitus

The right side should demonstarte free air if present

abdominal wall, flank structures and the diaphragm should be visualized

Left lateral Decubitus

Decubitus annotation on the image

Transabdominal/ Dorsal Decubitus

Highest point of abdomen must be visualized without motion

Transabdominal/ Dorsal Decubitus what annotation?

trans. Abd annotation