Organic Chemistry Exam 1

Amine

Amide

Ester

Carboxylic Acid

Ketone

Aldehyde

Benzene

Alkene

Alkyne

Ether

Alcohol

4 atoms/lone pairs hybridization

sp^3

3 atoms/lone pairs hybridization

sp^2

2 atoms/lone pairs hybridization

sp

2 bonds, 0 lone pairs

linear

3 bonds, 0 lone pairs

trigonal planar

3 bonds, 1 lone pair

angular/bent

4 bonds, 0 lone pairs

tetrahedral

4 bonds, 1 lone pair

trigonal pyramidal

4 bonds, 2 lone pairs

angular/bent

5 bonds, 0 lone pairs

trigonal bipyramidal

carbon negative charge

3 bonds, 1 lone pair

carbon neutral charge

4 bonds

carbon positive charge

3 bonds, no lone pairs

nitrogen negative charge

2 bonds, 2 lone pairs

nitrogen neutral charge

3 bonds, 1 lone pair

nitrogen positive charge

4 bonds

oxygen negative charge

1 bond, 3 lone pairs

oxygen neutral charge

2 bonds, 2 lone pairs

oxygen positive charge

3 bonds, 1 lone pair

allylic lone pair

allylic position

vinylic position

allylic vs not allylic

allylic carbocation

a lone pair adjacent to C+

A π−bond between atoms of different electronegativity

Conjugated π−bonds in a ring

localized electrons

are not in resonance

delocalized electrons

are in resonance

is a pi bond or a sigma bond strong

sigma

rank the sigma bond overlap from shortest to longest

sp-sp < sp²-sp² < sp³-sp³

what intermolecular force do all molecules have

london dispersion forces

ionic bond

chemical bond where electrons are shared between metals and nonmetals

polar covalent bond

bond formed when two atoms share electrons, but those electrons are shared unevenly.

non-polar covalent bond

Chemical bond in which electrons are shared equally between two bonded atoms

how do electronegativity increase

up and to the right

more branching in a molecule = lower surface area =

weaker london dispersion forces

hydrogen bonding

- special dipole-dipole attraction between two polar molecules when the H atom is attracted to F, O, or N of another molecule

dipole-dipole

Present in polar molecules.

Attractive forces between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another polar molecule

which molecular geometry are nonpolar

linear, trigonal planar, and tetrahedral

stronger intermolecular forces =

higher boiling point

higher pKa

weaker acid

equilibrium favors the _______ acid

weaker

A in ARIO

atom the carries the charge

R in ARIO

resonance

delocalized = ______ stable

more

localized = ______ stable

less

less stable = ________ acid

less

I in ARIO

inductive effect

O in ARIO

more electronegative = _______ stable

more

Alkyl halide

thiol

sulfide

acyl halide

anhydride

what are the two molecular geoemtries that are delocalized

trigonal planer and bent (bent can sometimes be localized)