maternal prelims

premenstrual syndrome (pms)

complex physical signs and behavioral symptoms that occur during the second half of the menstrual cycle and that resolve with the onset of menses

syncope

medical term for fainting

amenorrhea

absence of menstruation

primary amenorrhea

menarche has never occurs, has passed the age at which menarche normally occurs, has mot entered puberty by the expected time, has undergone complete pubertal development without the onset of menses

secondary amenorrhea

cessation of menses for more than 3 months after regular menstrual cycles has been established

what is the first diagnosis to he considered in secondary amenorrhea

pregnancy

dysmenorrhea

painful menstruation; usually corresponds to the secretory phase of the endometrium indicating that ovulation has occurred

primary dysmenorrhea

occurs in the absence of any underlying anatomic abnormality

prostaglandin syntheses inhibitors

commonly known as NSAIDs

secondary dysmenorrhea

occurs when there is an underlying structural abnormality of the cervix or uterus (malpositions) presence of a foreign body (iud), pelvic inflammatory disease

metrorrhagia

abnormal bleeding between menses/periods or intercylic bleeding

menometrorrhagia

excessive or prolonged menstrual bleeding which may lead to or cause hypovolemia and anemia

anemia

condition where ur body lacks enough healthy rbc to carry sufficient oxygen to ur tissues

dysfunctional uterine bleeding (dub)

abnormal vaginal bleeding that occurs due to hormonal imbalances rather than structural uterine or underlying

congenital coagulopathies

inherited bleeding disorders caused by deficiencies or detects in specific blood-clotting proteins

willebrand disease (vwd)

the most common inherited bleeding disorder, affecting up to 1% of the population.

menorrhagia

excessive, profuse menstrual flows; may be cause by hormonal imbalance, infection, uterine tumors

oligomenorrhea

infrequent menses

polymenorrhea

too frequent menses

hypomenorrhea

abnormally short menstrual cycle

hupermenorrhea

abnormally long menstrual cycle

premenstrual tension (pmt)

commonly known as pms or premenstrual cycle

menopause

transitional phase for women marking the end of their reproductive abilities.

what years ovulation to menopause with individual variation?

ceased 1 to years prior

climacteric

often called permenopause or the menopausal transitionid the midlife phase when ovarion function declines.

dyspareunia

discomfort during intercourse

fertilization

union of the mature egg cell (ovum) and sperm cell happening in the ampulla (outer third) of the fallopian tube.

flagellar action

whip-like or rotary movement of flagella, which are long, microscopic appendages that act as cellular propellers. and is believed to maintain the sperms in suspension and to facilitate transport

fertilized ovum

zygote

four process in four primary steps

capacitation, sperm-egg binding and penetration, membrane fusion; and the activation/ fusion of genetic material

sperm capacitation

before fertilizing an egg, sperm entering the female reproductive tract undergo chemical changes that strip away certain proteins and cholesterol

sperm-egg biding and penetration

the sperm navigates the protective outer layer of the egg (corona radiata and zona pellucida)

upon binding to the zona pellucida, the sperm undergoes the?

acrosomal reaction

acrosomal reaction

releasing digestive enzymes to burrow through these layers to the egg’s cell membrane

membrane fusion

once the sperm reaches the egg’s plasma membrane, their outer cell membrane together

what reaction that instantly triggers the membrane fusion?

cortical reaction

cortical reaction

the egg releases the chemicals that harden its outer shell and block other sperm from entering, ensuring the correct number of chromosomes

zygote activation and pronuclei fusion

the sperm head and tail enter the egg. prompting the egg to finish its final cell division.

hyaluronidase

enzyme needed to dissolve the cement substance that holds together the cell covering the ovum is activated

corona radiata

the outer layer of the ovum, which allows the sperm head to penetrate the ovum

capacitated sperm release

refers to the final functional maturation of sperm in the female reproductive tract, granting them the ability to fertilize the an egg

zona pellucida

is a thick transparent glycoprotein matrix that surrounds the mammalian oocyte

vitelline membrane of the human ovum

is the innermost plasma membrane (oolemma) that directly enclose the egg’s cytoplasm

organelle

specialized subcellular structures that perform specific functions to keep a cell alive and functioning

cell nucleus

command center of a eukaryotic cell, housing all of its genetic material

menstrual cycle

series of regular, repeating, changes in a woman’s reproductive system that prepares the body for a possible pregnancy every month

menstrual cycle measured?

first day one period to the first day of the next period

hypothalamus

releases Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone

Anterior Pituitary Gland

release a specific hormone such as Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone

how the ovaries responded?

by producing estrogen and progesterone

menarche

beginning at puberty with the first menstruation

menopause

45-55 old and 12 months interval time without a menstrual

the average length

28 days

normal range

25-35 days

menstrual cycle (day 1 - 5)

the bleeding phase, terminal phase and may last for 3-5 days. the endometrium shedding.

menstrual blood is

incoagulable

proliferative/ follicular phase (6-14 days)

regenerative phase is the first days of the reformation of the endometrium. menstrual bleeding stopped. the endometrium becomes thicker

3 endometrium layer

functional, basal, and cuboidal ciliates epithelium layer

basal layer

1 mm thick, lowest layer lying, contains rudimentary structures for building new endometrium

functional layer

2.5 mm thick, middle layer contains tubular glands, constantly changes according to the hormonal influences of the ovary

cuboidal ciliated epithelium layer

upper most layer covers the functional layer

secretory/ luteal phase

corpus luteum secretes progesterone. the endometrium becomes thick, soft, and highly vascular

hypothalamic hormones

secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone which stimulates pituitary gland

anterior pituitary gland

releases follicle- stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in the bloodstream to the ovaries

follicle-stimulating hormone

released when blood estrogen levels are low during the first follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. stimulates primordial follicle to develop into graafian (mature) follicle

luteinzing hormone

also called interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (icsh). triggers ovulation and stimulates formation of the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone. released when progesterone is low

estrogen/estradiol

secreted by ovaries, adrenal cortex, and placenta during pregnancy. responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics. responsible for proliferative/ follicular phase of the menstrual cycle

negative feedback

inhibits fsh secretion

positive feedback

stimulates LH secretion, leading to the LH surge before ovulation

spinnbarkeit

stringy and stretchable mucus

positive ferning test

produces fern pattern when dried mucus

vascularity

increase uterine blood supply

decidua

maintains the specialized endometrium

progesterone

secreted by corpus luteum and placenta. responsible for secretory/ luteal phase. prepares endometrium for implantation. relaxes smooth muscles, especially myometrium

myometrium

uterine muscle

nidation

medical term for implantation

thermogenic

raises body basal temperature (bbt) after ovulation

prostaglandin

fatty acids recognized as hormone secreted by a lot of body organs including the endometrium of the uterus. stimulates uterine muscles to contract

spermatogenesis and oogenesis

the processes of producing male and female gametes

spermatogenesis

guys, millions daily, released during ejaculations, starts during puberty, production continues throughout adult life.

oogenesis

girls, 1/28 days, released via ovulation, starts prenatally, stops at menopause

oogenesis

biological process of female gamete formation in the ovaries, where diploid germ cell (oogonia) differentiate into mature, haploid egg cells (ova)

spermatogenesis

biological process through which male primordial germ cells develops into mature spermatozoa (sperm)

zygote

the cell that results from fertilization of the ovum by a spermatozoan.

cleavage

series of mitotic cell division by the zygote

blastomeres

daughter cells arising from the mitotic cell division of the zygote (2- cell, 4- cell, 8- cell blastomere)

morula stage

an early phase of embryonic development that occurs 3 to 4 days after fertilization, when the fertilized egg (zygote) divides into a solid ball of 16 to 32 cells called blastomeres

blastula stage

an early phase of embryonic development where a fertilized egg forms a hollow, fluid-filled sphere of cells.

early gastrula stage

critical phase in embryonic development where the single-layered blastula reorganized into a multi-layered structure.

morula

solid ball of cells produced by 16 or so blastomere; called the ‘traveling’ form because it is in this form when it migrated through the fallopian tube (oviduct) and reaches the uterine cavity about 3 to 4 days after ovulation

blastocyst

a fluid filled cavity that reaches the uterine cavity over the next 3-4 days of development, a differentiation of cells as to their specific potencies occurs

blastocyst

this stage when there is already a cavity in the morula called the blastocoele, and when it entree the uterine cavity

trophoblast

outer layer of cells

implantation

also called nidation, 6-9 days (average is 7 days) after fertilization.

placenta

temporary organ that acts as the fetus lungs, kidneys, and liver during pregnancy.

schultze mechanism

more common; present in 80% of cases. shiny, “clean” bluish side is first delivered. less external bleeding because blood is usually concealed behind the placenta. “umbrella shape”

duncan’s mechanism

less common; present in 20% of cases. rough, “dirty”, reddish maternal side out first. more external bleeding, so it appears “bloody”

postpartal hemorrhage

blood loss of 500 ml above

dimension

15 to 25 cm in diameter and 2 to 4 fm in thickness.

amnion

0.02 to 0.05 mm in thickness; a sac that engulfs the growing fetus