practical (KLASSEN) - DELT OPP

Coat & hair examination

Coat: Shiny, smooth, moist, colour corresponding to breed, no alopecia, atrichia or soiling.

Hair: normal elasticity, no trichorrhexis or trichoptilosis

Skin examination

Light pink, no lesions, normal elasticity, normal & symmetrical temperature, normal sweat & sebaceous gland activity, species specific odour

No pruritus, changes in size, ectoparasites or ringworm present.

Examination of mucous membranes

Pale pink, smooth, shiny, moist, no discharge (serous in nose of cattle), no changes in size, injuries or lesions.

What is included in examination of eye?

Surrounding area, eyelids, conjunctiva + third eyelid, eyeball, sclera, cornea, iris, lens, eye function

Examination of surrounding eye area

Free of swelling, efflorescence, injury, parasites and discharge

Examination of eyelids

Normal size and position, symmetrical and movable

Examination of conjunctiva and third eyelid

Pink, smooth, shiny, moist, no swelling, efflorescence, injury or discharge

Examinaiton of eyeball

Normal size and position, normal direction of visual axis, no nystagmus

Examination of sclera

White, smooth, adequate dilated episcleral vessels

Examiantion of cornea

Reflective, smooth, regular, transparent, no bulging or deposit material

Examination of iris

Colour according to breed, no depigmentation, normal shape and pupillary reflex (miosis/mitosis)

Examination of lens

Transparent, normal position and opacity

Examination of eye function

Normal

Examination of lymph nodes

Normal size and shape, smooth surface, homogenous, symmetrical, elastic consistency, no pain, no increase in temperature, moveable.

Lymph nodes examined in cattle - and their normal shape

Submandibular - raspberry shape

Parotid - flat and elongated shape

Retropharyngeal - not palpable

Prescapular - fusiform shape, forefinger thickness, 8-12 cm long

Prefemoral - fusiform shape, 10 cm

Mammary - plum shaped

Scrotal - not palpable

Examination of cardiovascular system includes

Mucous membranes & skin

Arteries - pulse palpation

Capillaries - inspection & palpation

Veins - inspectoin & palpation

Heart area - inspection, palpation & percussion

Heart - palpation and auscultation

Special examination methods.

Examination of skin and mucous membranes for CVS

Skin: normal colour, size and elasticity.

Mm: pale pink, smooth, shiny, moist, no swelling

Examination of arteries

Pulse palpation: frequency, rhythm & quality

Normal: normocardia, regular rythm, strong-soft (horse), weak-hard (cattle), strong-hard (dog)

Examination of capillaries

Inspection of episcleral vessels; fullness, colour, extent

CRF or oral mucousa (1-2 sek)

Examination of veins

Degree of fullness, movement, venostasis test

Examination of heart area and heart

Inspection: no visible heart beats, edema or trauma, normal posture.

Palpation: no pain or fremitus

Percussion: no tenderness, normal size, dull sound

Auscultation: FRIDA

Audio-visual inspection of breathing

Frequency, normal rhythm, costo-abdominal breathing type, symmetrical movement of thoracic wall and normal depth.

Breathing from nostrils; symmetrical, intensive and species specific odour.

Upper respiratory tract examination consists of

Examination of nose/muzzle, nostrils, nasal mucous membranes, nasal & paranasal cavities, pharynx, larynx & trachea

Examination of nose/muzzle

Nose: symmetrical, no deformation or swelling

Muzzle: moist, shiny, smooth, no lesions, discharge, efflorescence or colour changes.

Examination of nostrils

Horse: large and well dilated

Ruminants: small and thick

Dog: small

Examination of nasal mucous membranes

Pink, smooth, shiny, moist, without efflorescence, discharge (serous discharge in cattle), swelling or injuries

Examination of nasal and paranasal cavities

Normal size and shape, symmetrical, no tenderness, normal temperature, hard consistency, loud & hollow percutoric sound

Auscultation of breathing sound - normal, turbulent air flow

Examination of pharynx and larynx - RT

Normal size & shape, elastic (pharynx)/firm-elastic (larynx) consitency, no tenderness.

Auscultation of breathing sounds: normal, turbulent air flow

Internal palpation of cranial parts in cattle

Examination of trachea

Normal size & shape, firm-elastic consistency, no tenderness

Examination of lungs and thorax

Inspection: Symmetrical walls, normal breathing movement, costo-abdominal breathing & well-balanced intercostal spaces

Palpation: no increase in size, normal temperature, no tenderness, elastic consistency, no tremor & crepitation

Auscultation: laminar air flow without any abnormalities

Percussion: resonant sound with no enlargement or tenderness

Examination of digestive system includes + general

General: Normal diet, appetite, drinking, feed-intake, salivation & swallowing/rumination.

Oral caivty, pharynx, oesophagus, abdominal cavity, rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, monogastric stomach, intestine, defecation

Examination of oral cavity

Odour and tension of jaw

Mucous membranes - pink, smooth, shiny, moist, no enlargement, injuries, efflorescence or pain

Teeth - number according to species and age, normal position and shape, colour + presence of tartar

Tongue - pink, moveable, painless, firm-elastic consistency, uncovered, not injured and no lesions.

Examination of oesophagus

Inspect location and size by observing swallowing in jugular groove. Palpate tenderness and consistency - normally not palpable.

Examination of abdominal cavity

Size/shape & symmetry, evaluated from behind on large animals, and from above on small animals.

Monogastric: symmetrical

Polygastric: asymmetrical; left - apple shape, right - pear shape, slightly hollowed flanks.

Examination of omasum

Normal size and position, no pain, damped percutoric sound

Auscultation at 9 ICS shoulder level; ceaseless quiet sound of leaf motility - 7-8 times per 5 min

Puncture fluid evaluation is possible

Examination of abomasum

Normal size, no pain, elastic consistency, quiet auscultatory sound, tapping & swinging auscultation

Examination of stomach - dog

Normal size, elastic consistency, no tenderness or foreign bodies. Not palpable in horse.

Examination of intestines - ru., horse + dog

Ru. - no tenderness, normal tension, tympanic percutoric sound dorsal, damped percutoric sound ventral, quiet auscultatory sound

Horse - no tenderness, rigid tension, completely damped percutoric sound, clear and loud auscultatory sound.

Dog - no tenderness, rigid tension, tympanic percutoric sound, quiet auscultatory sound

Examination of defecation and feces

Normal posture and volume

Sensory examination; cattle (horse) - Green-brown, normal consistency, porridge-like (skyball), no surface (mucin), diminished odour, normal comminution, no abnormal content.

Examination of rumen in cow

Inspection - fullness (1-5, normally 3) & contour

Palpation - doughy consistency, no tenderness

Percussion - relatively damped

Auscultation - rumen contractions per 5 min; cattle + goat - 7-14, sheep - 6-16. Normal frequency, intensity and duration.

Examination of rumen fluid in cow

3-4h after feeding, using metal oesophageal probe. Collected into a warmed double jacket container. Filtration through cotton gauze or centrifugation.

Examination - within 1-2h; sensory, chemical or microscopic examination.

Sensory - colour (green/brown), consistency (watery, slightly viscous with fibre content) & smell (aromatic)

Chemical - pH (5.5-7), total acidity (17-29), volatile fatty acids, chloride (less than 25 mmol/l)

Microscopic - density, proportions and motility of protozoa.

Examination of reticulum in cow

Palpation - xiphoid cartilage, no pain

Percussion - behind olecranon, 6-8th rib; dull sound

Auscultation - 10cm behind elbow (behind 7th rib) on both sides. Number and quality of contractions - 5-7 per 5 min

Foreign body tests

Back grip - grasp skin fold over withers, normal breathing = no pain

Pole test - metal pole on ventral part of abdominal wall from sternum to udder. Lift and then suddenly lower pole. No sign of pain.

Pressure - press fist supported by knee at area of reticulum

Percussion - heavy rubber hammer, no pain. Bow sound if peritonitis

Downhill or circle movement - animal refuses = pain

Ultrasound

Ferroscopy - ferrite magnet is swallowed, fixes metal

Examination of liver

1) Inspection - jaundice, neurological disorders, anorexia, weakness, nutritional status, colic, steatorrhea, diarrhoea, oedema, haemoglobinuria...

2) Palpation - 8-12 ICS: normal size & position, firm-elastic consistency, no pain

3) Percussion - dull sound, no pain

4) Special examination methods: Biopsy (Horse - 12-14th ICS, cattle - 10th ICS), laparoscopy, USG, MRI, CT

Liver function tests - bilirubin concentration and hepatic enzyme activity.

Examination of kidneys

Normal posture, frequency and volume of urination, normal size, no tenderness, firm-elastic consistency, smooth surface, dull percutoric sound (only in cattle).

Examination of urinary bladder

Normal size, no adhesions, elastic consistency, normal thickness of wall, no pain, no abnormal contents

Examination of urine

Sensory - colour, transparency, consistency, odour, specific gravity

Chemical - pH strip and PHAN papers; protein, enzymes, glucose, ketone bodies, bile pigments

Normal pH - horse; 7-8, ru.; 7.4-8.4, dog; 5-7

Microscopic examinations - organic & inorganic sediments

Examination of locomotor system includes

Posture, position, locomotion, muscles, bones, joints and foot examination

Examination of posture and position (locomotor system)

Posture - regular

Position - no reluctance standing up. Cattle; hind-fore, horse; fore-hind

Examination of locomotion

Rate, range, force and direction of walking.

Physiological: even length and direction of steps

Scoring system 1-5, 1 = normal gait, 5 = severe lameness

Examination of muscles

a) Inspection - normotrophy and normal shape

b) Palpation - normotonus, no pain or muscle damage

Examination of bones

Inspection - normla shape & contour, x-ray for special examination.

Palpation - hard consistency, no sensitivity or presence of crepitation

Examination of joints

Inspection - normal size and shape, extent of bending (flexion) and tension of the joints (extension)

Palpation - normal temperature, no pain and hard/firm consistency.

Special examination methods: x-ray and examination of puncture fluid (synovial fluid)

Examination of nervous system includes

Examiantion of skull & spine, sensorium, sensitivity, reflexes & motor disturbances

Examination of skull & spine

Inspection - normal size, shape, position, no stiffness

Palpation - no tenderness & hard consistency

Percussion - no tenderness

Examination of sensorium

Conciousness; alert/bright

Examination of sensitivity

Superficial - light pricking of skin with needle at symmetrical parts, or by pinching skin above hooves. In ru; in interdigital spaces with hoof-testing pliers or blunt end of percutoric hammer. Present.

Deep - Bending head and neck to side, crossing forelegs

- Small animals: wheelbarrowing reaction, hopping reaction, proprioceptive positioning reaction, extensor postural thrust reaction & placing.

Sensory - sight, hearing and smell; normal, exaggerated, diminished or absent.

Examination of reflexes

CN - menace response, palpebral reflex, vibrissae response, mandibular touch, auricular reflex, corneal reflex, pupillary light reflex, oculocephalic reflex, gag reflex, tongue movement & symmetry

Spinal cutaneous - panniculus (skin of back and hip), withdrawal (interdigital/hoof) and anal/perineal reflex. Pinching/irritating skin.

Spinal Limb - only in small animals

Thoracic: triceps, m. extensor carpi radialis & flexor reflex

Pelvic: patellar reflex, cranial tibialis muscle, flexor reflex

Examination of motor disturbances

No qualitative (ataxia) or quantitative (paralysis, spasms, tremor, nystagmus or forced movement) disturbances present.

Examination of mammary gland

Anamnesis - previous lactation, stage of lactation, zoo-hygienic conditions, previous and current problems in the herd.

Inspection:

a) Size - normally medium/large

b) Shape - milking machine, abdominal, large, caudal, round, stepped, goat, primitive

c) Symmetry - fore-hind asymmetry, right-left symmetry,

d) Skin - colour (pink), no efflorescence, parasites or injuries, clean

e) Teats - size, shape (cylindrical, bottle-like, conical, short, collapsed, fleshy, pencil-like), surface, number, teat ends (normal)

f) Dripping, bedding & behaviour of animal

Palpation:

Fine-grained structure & soft-elastic consistency, no pain, normal temperature

Lymph node - normal size, shape of plum, symmetrical, normal consistency and structure, painless.

Examination of mammary gland secretion

a) Sensory - white colour, watery consistency, typical odour

b) CMT - 1ml sample + 1ml test, coagulation/gelification if positive.

c) Chemical - pH (6.4-6.8), fat (3.5-4.5%), chlorides (<1.5 g/l, increased in mastitis), lactose & proteins

Topography of horse

1) Lung - 16th-11th ICS

2) Heart - 2-6th ICS, left side

3) Kidney - right; last 3 ribs to first lumbar, left; under first 3 lumbar

4) Intestine - right side; cecum caudally and large colon cranially, left side small colon dorsally and large colon and pelvic flexure ventrally

Topography of cattle

1) Lung - right; 11th-9th ICS, left; 12th-9th

2) Heart - 3-5th ICS, left side

3) Liver - 11-12th ICS, right side

4) Kidney - right; last rib to 2-3rd lumbar, left; 3-5th lumbar

5) Omasum - right side, 7-9th ICS, 15 cm diameter

6) Abomasum - right side, immediately behind costal arch ventrally, 7-10 ICS

7) Rumen - whole left side

8) Reticulum - 6-8 rib, left side

9) Intestine - right side; cecum dorsally, colon in middle, small intestine ventrally.