apafam 4 sources

source 1

karuna meda, What Is the Residual Impact of Slavery on African American Mental Health?

- talks about how slavery and racism in the US created trauma for aas that impacts mental health today. generations of discrimination, violence, and prejudice have contributed to higher rates of anxiety, depression, PTSD, etc in black communities. this trauma can be passed down through family behaviors, stress responses, and social conditions shaped by racism.

- source is credible because it comes from Thomas Jefferson university, which is an established medical and research institution. the information comes from medical and mental health professionals who have educated themselves on this topic.

- supports the claim because it shows that slavery etc created trauma that affects ppl today. it shows that those experiences caused severe psychological harm. then it shows it was passed down through family stress, social inequality, and cultural experiences. then, it shows that these effects continue today through mental health disparities and ongoing racial stressors.

-Karuna Meda writes for a university medical publication that focuses on public health and mental health awareness. Because the article is connected to healthcare professionals and academic research, the perspective emphasizes psychological and medical impacts of racism rather than only historical analysis. This background leads the article to focus heavily on mental health outcomes and trauma responses in African American communities.

source 2

florence Kurai mudzongo, Racial Trauma and Its Health Impacts in Black People in the United States and Canada
- - reviews research on racial trauma experiences by black people in us and canada

- explains how racism causes psychological and physical harm, like stress, anxiety, and depression, PTSD, health problems caused by chronic stress.

- credible because it was published by bmc public health, which is a peer reviewed academic journal, requiring experts in the field to evaluate research before punlication.

- connects to the claim because it explains that racism caused trauma.

- it explains that repeated experiences of discrimination and systemic inequality continue to affect the descendants of those who experienced slavery and segregation.

- these effects are visible today in mental and physical health disparaties

- these authors are researcers in public health and related fields, so the focus becomes on health impacts of racial trauma, specifically on physical health (not mental). they emphasize scientific evidence, health disparities, and broader social effects of racism, not personal narratives.

3

donna nagata, Intergenerational Transmission of Ethnoracial Historical Trauma in the United States
-- examines how historical trauma connected to racism is passed through generations

- this article in particular explains exactly HOW this trauma is passed, like family storytelling, parenting behaviors, biological stress responses, and social systems shaped by racism

- argues that events like slavery and segregation continue to influence mental hralth and identity of later generations

- credible because published by annual review of clinical psychology, peer reviewed academic journal

- the author has expertise in trauma and ethnoracial psych

- this one focused more on how trauma is transmitted across generations both socially and biologically (pathways)

- once its inherited it continues to affect ppl through mh struggles

- donna nagata is a psychologist known for research historical trauma, has a background in clinical psych, and focuses on psychological mechanisms and mental health effects. so, she can combine this background with ethnoracial studies to approach the issue/topic in a way that combines it all

4

Gwendolyn Scott Jones, The Traumatic Impact of Structural Racism on African Americans.

• - examines how structural racism creates trauma for African Americans by affecting housing, healthcare, education, employment, and criminal justice systems.

  - one main point is that racism is not just an individual prejudice, but it is BUILT INTO SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS.

  - ongoing exposure to this discrimination harms mental and physical health/contributes to chronic stress

  - is credible bc it is published in the Delaware journal of public health, which is a professional public health journal

  - written by Gwendolyn Scott jones, who has expertise in psych and public health

• - connects to the claim bc shows that these institutions created trauma, beginning w slavery and segregation

  - is basically saying that the structural racism that was established then still exists today, and so in that way it was passed down and shapes opportunities and stress levels, affecting physical and mental health.

  - gwendolyn scott Jones is a developmental psychologists w a focus on aa families, education, and social inequality. this allows her to examine how these things affect development, which includes the development of mental and health problems

claim

traumatic discriminatory events such as segregation and slavery created intergenerational trauma that still impacts African Americans today

3 parts:
- the events from them caused trauma
- that trauma got passed
- the trauma that was passed caused issues both mentally and biologically (health wise)