Ch. 10.1 all vocab in notes

is the input and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced

Memory

transforming of info so that the nervous system can process it

Encoding

You are using _________when you try to remember something by saying it allowed.

acoustic codes

is an attempt to keep visual pictures

visual codes

try to make words or phrases

semantic code

info that is maintained over time; few seconds or longer; in memory system

storage

info is brought to mind from storage: used

retrieval

what are the three stages of memory?

sensory, short-term, long-term

sight, hearing, touch can hold input for a fraction of a second; this is the INITIAL storage

Sensory memory

who used a tachistoscope and believed that humans can recall a visual image of letters for a brief moment, before it is discarded from memory

George Spering

stimuli that created a visual image of letters; reflect system

iconic memory

auditory sensory memory; 1-2 seconds

echoic memory

info at any moment is held here; info entered temporary; fragile, narrowed down, short-lived, temporary

Short-term memory

where are majority of memories held?

Hippocampus

where are memories with emotion held?

Amygdala

repeat info out loud; short-term info

Maintenance rehearsal

how long does short-term info last w/o rehearsal?

20 seconds

connect letters together to become one; stored as a unit

chunking

able to recall info presented at beginning or end of a list; lasts 15 seconds

Primary-Recency Effect

remembering only the beginning of a list

Primary

remembering only the end of a list

Recency

mental scratch pad; happening right now but temporary; can be erased for more permanent info; problem solving

Working memory

info stored over extended periods of time; divided into categories

Long-term memory

Who believed in the distinction of Semantic memory and episodic memory?

Endel Tulving

knowledge of language; general knowledge of the world; rules of logic; rules/words/meanings

Semantic Memory

memory of our own life: remember specific sequence, time, place, context; personal

Episodic memory

Who believed in declarative memory?

L.S Squire

names/faces; factual info; use when needed

declarative memory

who believed that memory was essential to survival?

William James

Who believed in the learning curve and in paper “memory”?

Herman Ebbinghaus

what is deep in the front of the cortex?

Striatum

hypothetical means by which memory traces are stored

Engram

organized to be transformed into long-term

Elaborative memory

organizing to remember

Mnemonics

what is short term repetitive?

Rehearsal

Who searched for an engram by using a rat maze?

Karl S. Lasheley