Study Guide Exam 2

Biology

anatomy, physiology

is the study of structure; is the study of function.

tissue

A(n) is a group of similar cells that perform a common, simple function.

epithelium

Which tissue is generally referred to as a lining tissue?

smooth

muscle tissue lines the digestive tract and is involuntary.

fibrous connective

Tendons and ligaments are made up of tissue.

striated or skeletal

The muscle tissue attached to the skeleton and creates movement for an animal is called muscle tissue.

neuron

What type of cell is highly branched and sends electrical signals to other cells?

stratified- simple

Epithelium is called when there are several layers and if there is only a single layer.

plasma

The matrix of vascular tissue (blood) is called .

connective

All tissues are made up of cells surrounded by a non-living substance called a matrix.

skin

What organ makes up the integumentary system?

voluntary

Skeletal (striated) muscle tissue is . (voluntary, involuntary)

ligaments- tndons

Bones are connected to other bones by . Muscles are connected to bones by .

adipose

tissue stores fat.

cartilage

Tissue that covers the ends of bones and is the framework for nose and ears is tissue.

loose connective tissue. collagen and elastin

The dermis is primarily which type of tissue? What proteins are found in the dermis?

bone

Which connective tissue has a matrix of collagen with minerals added for strength?

a)cell body, b)dendrites, c)axon

What is a neuron? a) is where neuron’s nucleus and most of the cytoplasm is found. b) receive impulses and conduct them towards the cell body. c) transmits and impulse from the neuron to the next cell.

keratin

Which protein is found in the upper layer of the epidermis and in hair and hails?

hair follicles, nerves, blood vessels, sweat/oil glands, tiny muscles

Name the different structures that are located in the dermis.

squamous epithelium

The epidermis in mammals is composed of 20-30 layers of what type of tissue?

cnidarians, flatworms. sac-like with only one opening for food intake and expelling wastes

Name two animal groups that have an incomplete digestive system. How is an incomplete digestive system different form one that is complete?

amino acids, monosaccharides, fatty acids, nucleotides

Proteins are broken down into nutrients called . Large carbohydrates are broken down into . Fats are broken down to form molecules called . What would the chromosomes be broken down to form? .

ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination

What are the 4 steps of food processing (in order)

herbivores, plant matter

A rumen (or cecum) is found in animals that are and helps with the digestion of .

carbohydrates (polysaccharides) chemical

Saliva not only moistens food but has an enzyme that beings the digestion of . Is this considered mechanical or chemical digestion?

pharynx, esophagus

The region in which the oral cavity and nasal cavity merge is known as the . The is a tube extending from the mouth to stomach.

protein

The stomach is primarily involved in the digestion of molecules.

duodenum- completes digestion of food molecules

The first part of the small intestine is called the . What is its function?

smooth

muscle tissue lines the intestines.

contractions of smooth muscles lining the digestive organs to move food

What is peristalsis?

absorption, jejunum and ileum, villi

The process by which nutrients diffuse across the lining of the small intestine into capillaries is know as . This process occurs in the of the small intestine. The surface area for absorption is absorption is increased by projections called .

large intestine

Compaction of wastes and water reabsorption occurs in the .

liver, fats, and gall bladder

Bile is produced by the and helps break down . Where is bile stored?

omnivores, herbivores

Animals which eat both meat and plants are called . Flat molars would be the characteristic of .

salivary glands (saliva- moistens food, has enzyme for digesting carbs)- liver- gall bladder (produces and stores bile)- pancreas (produces many enzymes that are added to duodenum)

Name the accessory glands of the digestive system. How do they help with digestion?

epiglottis- soft palate

During swallowing, what keeps food from getting into the trachea? What keeps food from getting into the nasal cavity?

tracheal system

is a system of air tubes which forms the respiratory system of arthropods.

diaphragm

Air moves into the lungs when the contracts.

voicebox

The common name for the larynx is:

bronchi

The trachea branches to form two .

alveolus

The functional unit of gas exchange in the lung is the .

thoracic and abdominal cavity- diaphragm-thoracic=lungs and heart: abdominal=digestive organs

Name the two body cavities found in the human torso: What separates the two cavities? What major organs are found in each?

heart-blood vessels-blood

What are the 3 components of the cardiovascular system?

amphibian hear has 3 chambers, a mammals heart-4 chambers to separate oxy/deoxygenate blood

How is an amphibian’s heart different from a mammal’s?

left side, right side pumps blood to lungs

Which side of the heart is responsible for sending blood to all parts of the body (except the lungs)? Which side of the heart pumps the blood to the lungs?

arteries

Blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart are .

hemoglobin, red, iron

The pigment in blood cells is a molecule that carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues, Which metal is in hemoglobin?

towards

Veins move blood (towards, away from) the heart.

capillaries

The exchange of material (food/oxygen) between the blood and body tissues occurs at blood vessels called .

a white blood cell capable of engulfing and destroying foreign cells that could cause disease

What is a “phagocyte"?

nutrients, wastes, ions (electrolytes), hormones

Besides water, what is also found in plasma?

they lack a nucleus

How are erythrocytes different from most body cells?

platelets begin the process of blood-clotting, leukocytes fight infection

What is the job of platelets? Leukocytes?

antigen

Anything that triggers the formation of antibodies by the immune system is called a(n) .

lymphocytes- T and B cells

Which leukocytes are involved in the formation of antibodies? What are the 2 types of these cells called?

lymphatic

Excess fluid in the tissues is returned to blood by the system.

lymph nodes

The small bean shaped organs which filter foreign materials from lymph are called .

phagocytes

Leukocytes which engulf and destroy foreign germs that have gained access into the body are called .

homeostasis

The body’s tendency to maintain constant internal conditions are called .

osmo-regulation

Controlling body fluids and water balance is called -regulation.

nephron

The functional unit of the kidney is the .

urethra, ureter

The tube leading from the bladder is the , the tube from the kidney to the bladder is the .

ammonia, urea

What toxic substance is formed by the breakdown of proteins? What is it converted to?

renal tubule

Water and beneficial ions are reclaimed as fluids moce through the .

glomerulus

The ball of capillaries where wastes are filtered in the nephron is called the .

white blood cells=leukocytes, red blood cells=erythrocytes, nerve cell=neuron, throat=pharynx

Give scientific term for: white blood cells- , red blood cells- , Nerve cell- , throat-

ectothermic, endothermic

describes animals whose body temperature is roughly the same as that of the environment, whereas describes animal who maintain a constant body temperature regardless of changes in environmental temperature.

herbivores=plant eaters, carnivores=meat eaters, omnivores=eat both plants and meat

Herbivores= Carnivores= Omnivores=

liquid waste removal

nephro-

related to kidney

renal

iron

hemo-

nerve, or related to nervous system

neuro-

above or upper

epi-

outer

ecto-

within

endo-

cell

\-cyte or cyto-

related to respiratory or lung function

pulmonary

same

homeo-/homo-

temperature

therm-

skin

\-derm

white

leuko-

below

hypo-

water balance or osmosis

osmo-

eating/feeding

phago- or -phage

large

marco-

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Starting with the cell - be able to list the different levels of organization in an organism in order plus be able to give examples

Skeletal- voluntary and straited muscle, Smooth and cardiac muscle is involuntary

Describe how 3 different types of mychle tissue are different.

plasma-ions, electrolytes, proteins, waste, nutrients, hormones, CO2/O2 dissolved gasses erythrocytes-RBC, no nucleus, biconcave, hemoglobin leukocytes-WBC, phagocytes/macrophages, immune cells platelets-blood clotting cell fragments

Name the components of vascular tissue (blood) and describe the function of each.

squamous-flat, cuboidal-cubed, columnar-elongated columns

Name and describe the 3 shapes of epithelium cells.

epidermis-above skin, stratified squamous epithelium dermis- middle skin, connective tissue hypodermis- lower skin, adipose (fat)

Know the names of the 3 layers (regions) of skin and what tissue is found in each.

incisors- cutting, canines- grip and tear, molars- grind and crush

Be able to name the 3 types of teeth and describe the function of each

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Trace the path of food through the structures of the digestive system.

nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Trace the path of air through the structures of the respiratory system.

kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra

Trace the path of wastes through the structures of the urinary system.

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

Trace blood through the different types of blood vessels after leaving the heart.

Open-covers the organs, arthropods and mollusca closed-stays with in the veins and arteries, all vertebrates

How is an open circulatory system different from a closed system? Be able to give examples of animals that have open or closed circulation

complete- 2 openings, alimentary canal, humans, deer, insects, fish, bears, and earthworms incomplete- 1 opening, gastrovascular cavity, cnidarians, planarians

How is a complete digestive system different from an incomplete? Be able to give examples of animals that have complete or incomplete systems.