Studied by 4 peopleanatomy, physiology
is the study of structure; is the study of function.
tissue
A(n) is a group of similar cells that perform a common, simple function.
epithelium
Which tissue is generally referred to as a lining tissue?
smooth
muscle tissue lines the digestive tract and is involuntary.
fibrous connective
Tendons and ligaments are made up of tissue.
striated or skeletal
The muscle tissue attached to the skeleton and creates movement for an animal is called muscle tissue.
neuron
What type of cell is highly branched and sends electrical signals to other cells?
stratified- simple
Epithelium is called when there are several layers and if there is only a single layer.
plasma
The matrix of vascular tissue (blood) is called .
connective
All tissues are made up of cells surrounded by a non-living substance called a matrix.
skin
What organ makes up the integumentary system?
voluntary
Skeletal (striated) muscle tissue is . (voluntary, involuntary)
ligaments- tndons
Bones are connected to other bones by . Muscles are connected to bones by .
adipose
tissue stores fat.
cartilage
Tissue that covers the ends of bones and is the framework for nose and ears is tissue.
loose connective tissue. collagen and elastin
The dermis is primarily which type of tissue? What proteins are found in the dermis?
bone
Which connective tissue has a matrix of collagen with minerals added for strength?
a)cell body, b)dendrites, c)axon
What is a neuron? a) is where neuron’s nucleus and most of the cytoplasm is found. b) receive impulses and conduct them towards the cell body. c) transmits and impulse from the neuron to the next cell.
keratin
Which protein is found in the upper layer of the epidermis and in hair and hails?
hair follicles, nerves, blood vessels, sweat/oil glands, tiny muscles
Name the different structures that are located in the dermis.
squamous epithelium
The epidermis in mammals is composed of 20-30 layers of what type of tissue?
cnidarians, flatworms. sac-like with only one opening for food intake and expelling wastes
Name two animal groups that have an incomplete digestive system. How is an incomplete digestive system different form one that is complete?
amino acids, monosaccharides, fatty acids, nucleotides
Proteins are broken down into nutrients called . Large carbohydrates are broken down into . Fats are broken down to form molecules called . What would the chromosomes be broken down to form? .
ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination
What are the 4 steps of food processing (in order)
herbivores, plant matter
A rumen (or cecum) is found in animals that are and helps with the digestion of .
carbohydrates (polysaccharides) chemical
Saliva not only moistens food but has an enzyme that beings the digestion of . Is this considered mechanical or chemical digestion?
pharynx, esophagus
The region in which the oral cavity and nasal cavity merge is known as the . The is a tube extending from the mouth to stomach.
protein
The stomach is primarily involved in the digestion of molecules.
duodenum- completes digestion of food molecules
The first part of the small intestine is called the . What is its function?
smooth
muscle tissue lines the intestines.
contractions of smooth muscles lining the digestive organs to move food
What is peristalsis?
absorption, jejunum and ileum, villi
The process by which nutrients diffuse across the lining of the small intestine into capillaries is know as . This process occurs in the of the small intestine. The surface area for absorption is absorption is increased by projections called .
large intestine
Compaction of wastes and water reabsorption occurs in the .
liver, fats, and gall bladder
Bile is produced by the and helps break down . Where is bile stored?
omnivores, herbivores
Animals which eat both meat and plants are called . Flat molars would be the characteristic of .
salivary glands (saliva- moistens food, has enzyme for digesting carbs)- liver- gall bladder (produces and stores bile)- pancreas (produces many enzymes that are added to duodenum)
Name the accessory glands of the digestive system. How do they help with digestion?
epiglottis- soft palate
During swallowing, what keeps food from getting into the trachea? What keeps food from getting into the nasal cavity?
tracheal system
is a system of air tubes which forms the respiratory system of arthropods.
diaphragm
Air moves into the lungs when the contracts.
voicebox
The common name for the larynx is:
bronchi
The trachea branches to form two .
alveolus
The functional unit of gas exchange in the lung is the .
thoracic and abdominal cavity- diaphragm-thoracic=lungs and heart: abdominal=digestive organs
Name the two body cavities found in the human torso: What separates the two cavities? What major organs are found in each?
heart-blood vessels-blood
What are the 3 components of the cardiovascular system?
amphibian hear has 3 chambers, a mammals heart-4 chambers to separate oxy/deoxygenate blood
How is an amphibian’s heart different from a mammal’s?
left side, right side pumps blood to lungs
Which side of the heart is responsible for sending blood to all parts of the body (except the lungs)? Which side of the heart pumps the blood to the lungs?
arteries
Blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart are .
hemoglobin, red, iron
The pigment in blood cells is a molecule that carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues, Which metal is in hemoglobin?
towards
Veins move blood (towards, away from) the heart.
capillaries
The exchange of material (food/oxygen) between the blood and body tissues occurs at blood vessels called .
a white blood cell capable of engulfing and destroying foreign cells that could cause disease
What is a “phagocyte"?
nutrients, wastes, ions (electrolytes), hormones
Besides water, what is also found in plasma?
they lack a nucleus
How are erythrocytes different from most body cells?
platelets begin the process of blood-clotting, leukocytes fight infection
What is the job of platelets? Leukocytes?
antigen
Anything that triggers the formation of antibodies by the immune system is called a(n) .
lymphocytes- T and B cells
Which leukocytes are involved in the formation of antibodies? What are the 2 types of these cells called?
lymphatic
Excess fluid in the tissues is returned to blood by the system.
lymph nodes
The small bean shaped organs which filter foreign materials from lymph are called .
phagocytes
Leukocytes which engulf and destroy foreign germs that have gained access into the body are called .
homeostasis
The body’s tendency to maintain constant internal conditions are called .
osmo-regulation
Controlling body fluids and water balance is called -regulation.
nephron
The functional unit of the kidney is the .
urethra, ureter
The tube leading from the bladder is the , the tube from the kidney to the bladder is the .
ammonia, urea
What toxic substance is formed by the breakdown of proteins? What is it converted to?
renal tubule
Water and beneficial ions are reclaimed as fluids moce through the .
glomerulus
The ball of capillaries where wastes are filtered in the nephron is called the .
white blood cells=leukocytes, red blood cells=erythrocytes, nerve cell=neuron, throat=pharynx
Give scientific term for: white blood cells- , red blood cells- , Nerve cell- , throat-
ectothermic, endothermic
describes animals whose body temperature is roughly the same as that of the environment, whereas describes animal who maintain a constant body temperature regardless of changes in environmental temperature.
herbivores=plant eaters, carnivores=meat eaters, omnivores=eat both plants and meat
Herbivores= Carnivores= Omnivores=
liquid waste removal
nephro-
related to kidney
renal
iron
hemo-
nerve, or related to nervous system
neuro-
above or upper
epi-
outer
ecto-
within
endo-
cell
-cyte or cyto-
related to respiratory or lung function
pulmonary
same
homeo-/homo-
temperature
therm-
skin
-derm
white
leuko-
below
hypo-
water balance or osmosis
osmo-
eating/feeding
phago- or -phage
large
marco-
cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Starting with the cell - be able to list the different levels of organization in an organism in order plus be able to give examples
Skeletal- voluntary and straited muscle, Smooth and cardiac muscle is involuntary
Describe how 3 different types of mychle tissue are different.
plasma-ions, electrolytes, proteins, waste, nutrients, hormones, CO2/O2 dissolved gasses erythrocytes-RBC, no nucleus, biconcave, hemoglobin leukocytes-WBC, phagocytes/macrophages, immune cells platelets-blood clotting cell fragments
Name the components of vascular tissue (blood) and describe the function of each.
squamous-flat, cuboidal-cubed, columnar-elongated columns
Name and describe the 3 shapes of epithelium cells.
epidermis-above skin, stratified squamous epithelium dermis- middle skin, connective tissue hypodermis- lower skin, adipose (fat)
Know the names of the 3 layers (regions) of skin and what tissue is found in each.
incisors- cutting, canines- grip and tear, molars- grind and crush
Be able to name the 3 types of teeth and describe the function of each
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Trace the path of food through the structures of the digestive system.
nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
Trace the path of air through the structures of the respiratory system.
kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra
Trace the path of wastes through the structures of the urinary system.
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
Trace blood through the different types of blood vessels after leaving the heart.
Open-covers the organs, arthropods and mollusca closed-stays with in the veins and arteries, all vertebrates
How is an open circulatory system different from a closed system? Be able to give examples of animals that have open or closed circulation
complete- 2 openings, alimentary canal, humans, deer, insects, fish, bears, and earthworms incomplete- 1 opening, gastrovascular cavity, cnidarians, planarians
How is a complete digestive system different from an incomplete? Be able to give examples of animals that have complete or incomplete systems.
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