Last Minute Study

Industrialization

Industrialization

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.

Cottage industry/putting-out system

A system of textile manufacturing in which laborers (rural proletariat or urban migrants) worked in homes or workshops through merchant intermediaries or workshop owners; marginalized guilds hold over production

Spinning jenny

This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production. Like the spinning wheel, it may be operated by a treadle or by hand. But, unlike the spinning wheel, it can spin more than one yarn at a time. The idea for multiple-yarn spinning was conceived about 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver. In 1770, he patented a machine that could spin 16 yarns at a time.

Water frame

1780's; Richard Arkwright; powered by water; turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels, led to development of mechanized looms

Factory system

This new system gradually replaced localized cottage industry. Workers were paid by the hour instead of for what they produce. On one hand it decreased the need for skilled labor, but in other ways it increased the amount of specialization due to labor being concentrated in factories.

Cotton gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

Interchangeable parts

uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities to replace other identical pieces

Division of labor

the assignment of different parts of a manufacturing process or task to different people in order to improve efficiency.

Assembly line

In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product.

Steam engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery.

Agricultural revolution

A time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster. The production of food rose dramatically.

Crop rotation

the system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land

Seed drill

created by Jethro Tull, it allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths; this boosted crop yields

Enclosure movement

The 18th century privatization of common lands in England, which contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization;take land that had formerly been owned in common by all members of a village, or at least available to the public for grazing animals and growing food, and change it to privately owned land, usually with walls, fences or hedges around it.

Raw materials

Unprocessed natural products used in production

Capital

the account used to summarize the owner's equity in a business

Transcontinental Railroad

Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west

Human capital

the knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training, and experience

Second Industrial Revolution

(1871-1914) Involved development of chemical, electrical, oil, and steel industries. Mass production of consumer goods also developed at this time through the mechanization of the manufacture of food and clothing. It saw the popularization of cinema and radio. Provided widespread employment and increased production.

Internal combustion engine

a heat engine in which the fuel burns inside the engine

Trans-Siberian Railroad

Constructed during the 1870s and 1880s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; increased the Russian role in Asia

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

Tenement

A building in which several families rent rooms or apartments, often with little sanitation or safety

Working class

19th century Industrial societies developed the idea that there were only really two social classes: property-owning middle class and then the _____ _____. Before industrialization, poorer people had more varied ideas about social ranks; A social class broadly composed of people working in blue-collar, or manual, occupations.

White-collar jobs

jobs that do not involve manual labor although they require less education and provide a lower income than do the jobs held by the upper-middle class (nurses, small-business owners, salesmen)

Captains of industry

Owners and managers of large industrial enterprises who wielded extraordinary political and economic power

Cult of domesticity

the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house

Consumerism

a movement advocating greater protection of the interests of consumers

Stock market

A general term used to describe all transactions involving the buying and selling of stock shares issued by a company.

Monopoly

the exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service.

Bessemer process

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

Labor unions

Organizations of workers who, together, put pressure on the employers in an industry to improve working conditions and wages.

The Wealth of Nations

This is the 18th century book written by Scottish economist Adam Smith in which he spells out the first modern account of free market economies.

John Stuart Mill

Arguably the most famous English philosopher and politician of the 1800s. Champion of liberty over unlimited state control. Also famous for adding falsification as a key component of the scientific method; Mill combined economics with philosophy. He believed in a moral theory called utilitarianism—that actions that lead to people's happiness are right and that those that lead to suffering are wrong; John Stuart Mill was a British philosopher who had a significant impact on the Industrial Revolution in England as an advocate of liberty.

Socialism

a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

Communist Manifesto

This is the 1848 book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels which urges an uprising by workers to seize control of the factors of production from the upper and middle classes.

Proletariat

Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production;the class of wage workers who were engaged in industrial production and whose chief source of income was derived from the sale of their labor power.

Bourgeoisie

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

Means of productions

farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produce and distribute goods

Communism

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.