Flashcards A&P Exam 1

Anatomy

the study of the structure of the body parts individually and their relations to each other

Gross anatomy

structures that can be seen with the naked eye

Microscopic Anatomy

structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

Physiology

the study of how the body and its parts work or function

To understand physiology, you must understand the basics of _____ _________ and _________

cell structure and chemistry

All organisms are built with the same fundamental _______.

molecules

What are the levels of structure?

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

Chemical Level

atoms make molecules

Cellular Level

molecules make cells

Organ Level

tissues make up organs

Organ System Level

organs work together

Organismal Level

Organ systems make up the human organism

______ and _______ _______ work together to help the body survive.

cells and organ systems

tissues and cell (can/ can't) function in ____________.

isolation

Homeostasis

the ability to maintain a steady internal state despite external change

Dynamic Steady State

things are constantly changing and must be actively compensated for to maintain homeostasis

What process involves the inability to maintain homeostais?

disease process

Homeostasis requires the detection and to response to _________ changes

physiological

Homeostatic control is mediated by a ______ _______.

control loop

Control loop

1) Stimulus

2) Receptor

3) Receptor sends input to the control center

4) Control Center

5) Control center sends output

6) Effector

Stimulus

changes in a variable that is regulated

receptor

structure that detects a stimulus

Control center

integrates input and initiates changes through the effector (usually endocrine gland or brain)

effector

the structure that brings about the change to alter the stimulus

_______ _______ impact the control loops

feedback mechanisms

afferent pathways

stimulus to control center

efferent pathways

control center to effector

Negative feedback loop

inhibits stimulus (turns response OFF)

Positive feedback loop

enhances stimulus (PROLONGS response)

Negative loops keep internal or external environments stable and are sometimes or always occurring?

internal, always

Which type of feedback loop requires an off switch?

positive

atoms

smallest building block of life

elements

smallest unit with individual properties on composition

macromolecules

Bigger molecules: DNA, RNA, Proteins, Carbohydrates, & Lipids

Elements

1. Oxygen

2. Carbon

3. Hydrogen

4. Nitrogen

5. Potassium

6. Sodium

7. Chlorine

8. Calcium

9. Phosphrous

10. iodine

11. Vandium

What element is associated with respiration and ATP generation?

oxygen

Which elements are the building blocks of macromolecules (DNA & Proteins)?

Carbon, Hydrogen, & Nitrogen

Which elements are present in electrically excitable cells?

Potassium, Sodium, & Chlorine

Which elements are necessary for bone formation and homeostasis?

Calcium & Phosphorus

Which elements are involved in thyroid hormone synthesis?

Iodine & Vandium

Everything in the body is made of a huge network of atoms held together by _______ ________.

chemical bonds

Inorganic molecule

NO carbon

Organic molecule

many carbons

Elements bond with other elements to form ______________ and ____________.

molecules & macromolecules

Types of bonding

- ionic

- covalent

- hydrogen

Ionic bonding

oppositely charged molecules & form weak lattice structures

Covalent bonding

highly stable bonds & share electrons (strongest bond)

Hydrogen

fairly weak and between 2 polar molecules

Water is the most important _______ molecule of the body

inorganic

Polarity

the distribution of charge across a molecules

Polar molecules have _______ _______ _______

unequal charge distribution

What does unequal charge distribution allow for in polar molecules?

Cohesion

Cohesion

the association of water molecules

Electro-attractive forces

2 molecules pulled together because they are oppositely charged

What do electro-attractive forces allow for?

hydrogen bond formation

A _________ is a mixture that has the same composition throughout

solution

Solvent

majority of the solution (everything suspended) in)

Solute

what's dissolved in solvent

Solvency

the ability of water to dissolve & separate ions

Ions

atoms with different charges

Because water is polar, it can dissolve many polar/nonpolar molecules?

polar

Hydration Spheres

The partially negative charge orients towards the positively charged ion (and visa versa)

Hydrolysis

water can break down bonds holding molecules together

Dehydration Synthesis

water can be the product of 2 molecules attaching

What has a high ______ capacity

heat

High heat capacity

Hydrogen bonding allows water to resist changes in temperature

Is water acidic, neutral, or basics on the pH scale?

neutral (7)

Acids

Molecules that release hydrogen when dissolved in water (more H+)

Bases

molecules that adsorb hydrogen from solutions (less H+)

Most minerals are obtained through ______, and most gases are obtained through ____________.

diet, respirtation

Roles of minerals in the body

1) calcification of bones

2) action potential of muscles and nerves

Which 3 minerals build bones?

Calcium, Phosphorus, and Potassium

All molecules of life are assembled from __________ components

organic

Carbon can bond with ____ atoms, and create ________, _______, or ______ bonds

4, single, double, or triple

If there is at least 1 double or triple bond, the the carbon is _____________ meaning it lost a H+ from the bond.

unstaurated

The chemical properties of a carbon link are determined by what two things?

1) Length of chain

2) functional groups associated with the chain

Molecules of life

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

What determines the properties of organic molecules?

functional groups

Macromolecules

large organic molecules that contain thousands of linked atoms

Polymers

macromolecules consisting of repeating monomers

Monosaccharides

simple sugars that are one ring composed of 5 or 6 carbon atoms

How and why are simple sugars made?

they are made by the breaking down of more complex sugars to provide quick sources of energy for the cell

Dissacharides

"Double sugars" are formed when 2 monosaccharides bond through dehydration synthesis

Polysaccharides

complex sugars composed of many linked monosaccahrides

A linear plant-based polysaccharide consisting of straight or slightly branched lines of glucose monomers

starch

A branched animal polysaccharide consisting of highly branched lines of glucose monomers

glycogen

What polysaccharide is stored in the liver and muscle cells and is broken down into glucose when blood sugar drops?

glycogen

Lipids are _______, _______ molecules thar are composed mostly of Carbon and Hydrogen.

insoluble, hydrophobic

What are the three Lipid subclasses?

triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids

What do Lipids do?

energy source, insulation, cell membranes, structural support, and cellular communciation

Triglycerides have ___ fatty tails and are used to store ______.

3, energy

What is the term for the dehydration synthesis of lipids?

lipogenesis

Fatty acid tails saturation helps determine the ________ of a substance.

fluidity

What are the two types of neutral fats?

saturated and unsaturated

Saturated fats are ______ packed and _______ at room temperature, while unsaturated fats are _______ packed and ______ at room temperature.

tightly, solid; loosely, liquid

To make energy, fatty acids chains are connected to _____ carbons.

acetyl coA

What does it mean for a phospholipid to be amphipathic?

Some portions are hydrophobic while other parts are hydrophilic.

Phosoplipids

modified amphipathic triglycerides that form cell membranes and barriers that contain 2 fatty acid tails

Steriods are unique _____ composed of 4 ________ _______

lipids, hydrocarbon rings

Steroids are determined by the different ______ ______ attached to the ____ _______ __________

functional groups; 4 hydrocarbon rings