All Year 12 Metalanguage Unit 3/4 🛂

Prosodic features

-Stress

-Pitch

-Intonation

-Tempo

-Volume

Connotations

All the meanings, associations, or emotions that a word suggests

Denotation

The dictionary definition of a word

Stress

The amount of emphasis given to a word or syllable.

Pitch

the highness or lowness of a sound

Intonation

Is the pattern of pitch changes in speech.

Tempo

Is speed at which we speak and can serve a variety of functions.

Vocal effects

-coughs

-laughter

-breath

These effects can reflect mood or attitude.

Assimilation

Occurs when a sound changes or assimilates to become more like a neighbouring sound. HAMBAG, SAMWICH

One nice example of assimilation is called palatalisation which is did you --> DIJU, or want you --> WANCHU

Vowel reduction

Is when vowels in unstressed positions are reduced to schwa.

example

TO, YOU --> tə, jə

Elision

Refers to the omission of a sound in connected speech, this may be a vowel, consonant or a whole syllable. FISH N CHIPS

Insertion/epenthesis

Involves the addition of sounds where they don't strictly belong. Both vowels and consonants can be added to the prononciation of words in connected speech.

Australian accent types

-Broad

-General

-Cultivated

dialect

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

ethnolect

A variety of a language associated with a certain ethnic or cultural subgroup

idiolect

the speech habits peculiar to a particular person, marked by idiosyncratic pronunciation and word choice. Think of imitating your teachers!

sociolect

The variety of language that is typically used by the members of a particular social group

Broad Australian accent

Is the accent stereotypically attached to Australian people, country, poor

General Australian accent

Is the majority accent in Australia and falls in the centre of the broadness continuum.

Cultivated Australian accent

the Australian English accent closest to standard British pronunciation of English. Seen to be a posh accent.

Alliteration

the use of the same initial sounds in consecutive words eg. WONDERFUL WET WATER

Assonance

Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity HOW NOW BROWN COW

Consonance

Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity. WHITE GATE

Onomatopoeia

a word that mimics the sound it represents (clip clop, boom)

Rhythm

Pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables

Rhyme

correspondence of sound between words or the endings of words, especially when these are used at the ends of lines of poetry.

Nouns

Person, place, thing, but also abstract like GRIEF

-Common

-Proper

-Collective

-Abstract

Proper nouns

a specific person, place or thing or idea

If you want to be my best friend, the Blue Moon Diamond would be a great gift idea.

Common nouns

a noun denoting a class of objects or a concept as opposed to a particular individual.

They say that diamonds are a girl’s best friend.

Collective nouns

name a group of people or things ASSEMBLY, FAMILY

Abstract nouns

Names we have for ideas, emotions, qualities, processes, occasions and times. Invisible and intangible. e.g. 'joy', 'gentleness', 'wedding'

Verbs

-auxillary

-modal

Auxiliary verbs

'helping verb'. Verbs which are used to support another verb in a sentence and have a grammatical function such as establishing tense, aspect, or person. e.g.: be, do, have

modal verbs

Modal verbs behave very differently from normal verbs. A good way to remember them: You use "not" to make modal verbs negative. EXAMPLE: He should not be late.

adjective

modifies a noun. Is known as a describing word.

Adverbs

modifies a verb or a whole sentence QUICKLY, UNUSUALLY, YESTERDAY

Adverbial

An element of clause structure (along with subject, verb and object). Adverbials perform several roles in a sentence: they can modify verbs (e.g. 'he spoke hesitantly') or link clauses together (e.g. 'however', 'moreover')

Prepositions

Words we use before nouns or pronouns to show their relationship with other words in the sentence. Example: behind (the tree), across (Maple Street), down (the stairs)

Pronouns

Replaces a noun. Examples: I, he, she, they, it, his

Conjunctions

words that join words, phrases, or sentence parts. CONJUNCTION JUCTION WHAT'S YOUR FUNCTION

AND OR BUT

ALTHOUGH BECAUSE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RPoBE-E8VOc

Determiners

Words that help to show which or how many people or things are being referenced. EX: This, that, those, some, any, much, enough, a few

Interjections

Words to express emotions: Examples: wow! My Goodness! Ouch!

Function words

Those words which have a mainly grammatical function (also called grammar words). Includes auxiliary verbs, determiners, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and some adverbs.

Content words

the words that carry the majority of meaning in a sentence

Affixation

There are three types of affixes (a type of 'bound' morpheme): prefix, suffix and infix.

Morphemes

The smallest units of meaning in a language.

Blends

Are words produced by using parts of two words to create a new one. GINORMOUS

Acronym

A word formed from the first letter of each word in a series, NASA

Initialism

Sounded as the initials of the word, e.g. BBC.

Shortenings

dropping the endings from a word to create a shorter one. GYM

Compounding

The process of making new words by putting two free morphemes together.

Contractions

Making a word out of two by using an apostrophe. CAN'T

Collocations

words that are often used together, FRUIT AND VEG

Neologisms

A newly coined word

Borrowing

Using words from other languages

Commonisation

the process whereby a proper noun or brand name becomes a common noun ESCALATOR, ASPIRIN

Archaism

use of an older or obsolete form. DOTH, THOU

Phonological patterning

-alliteration

-assonance

-consonance

-onomatopoeia

-rhythm

-rhyme

Phonological Patterning

flapping

The 'd' sound often heard in place of 't' in words like 'butter' ('budder').

HRT (high rising terminal)

The use of a high-rising or questioning intonation at the end of a statement. Typical in young speakers, it has a range of discourse functions, such as seeking empathy or keeping the other interlocutor involved in the conversation.

Morphological patterning

Diminutives; a suffix added to a common or proper noun that indicates smallness and expresses affection. Usually 'o', y/ie (as in Tassie or smoko). Common in Australian English.

Rhyming constructions; such as hankey-pankey and chickflick often used in the media to give writing a lively, upbeat sound.

Lexical patterning

slang

a type of language that consists of words and phrases that are regarded as very informal, often perculiar to different age and social groups

colloquialism

informal words or expressions not usually acceptable in formal writing

Syntactic patterning

Antithesis, listing, parellelism

Antithesis

the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, often in parallel structure BIG ON COMFORT, SMALL ON PRICE

Syntax

Is the study of sentences structures, it concerns the arrangement of words in sentences.

Phrases

A group of words without a finite verb

RED BALLOON noun phrase

VERY BEAUTIFUL adjective phrase

EXTREMELY QUICKLY adverb phrase

IN THE BOX prepositional phrase

Clauses

A grammatical unit larger than a phrase which contains a verb I HATE MONDAYS but I STILL GO TO WORK

Sentence fragments

Act as a sentence even though they aren't a complete main clause, like HELLO, HUH?, NO SUCH LUCK!

simple sentence

Contains a single main clause

SHE ATE HER FOOD NOISILY

compound sentence

Contains at least two main clauses

You can take that scone with the blueberries, or you can have the one over there.

complex sentence

Contains a single main clause as well as a subordinate (dependent) clause.

Although she was considered smart, she failed all her exams.

Compound-complex sentence

Three clauses in total, with two being main clauses and one subordinating

Erin loves her brother, and he loves her too because she pays his bills.

Ellipsis

Involves removing words or phrases from an utterance, clause or sentence, in particuar if they are implied or unnecessary given the context. COMING?

Nominalisation

The conversion of verbs (or whole phrases) into nouns

Many buildings were destroyed, which was.... -->

The destruction of buildings was...

Coordination

Uses coordinating conjunctions to combine clauses into sentences.

Covert norms

language varieties which are associated with non-standard English and which have prestige within the social groups that use them. Covert prestige is acquired by speakers wishing to belong to a certain community

Overt norms

Language choices associated with Standard english. Overt prestige is acquired by those speakers who have command of a standard dialect

Subordination

When one clause is subordinate to another clause, normally preceded by a subordinating conjuction (although, because , if)

declarative sentence

sentences that are statements IT IS RAINING

imperative sentence

A sentence that commands. GO OUTSIDE!

interrogative sentence

A sentence that asks a question

Exclamative sentence

A sentence that expresses an emotion: often beginning with 'what' and 'how' e.g. 'What big teeth you have!"

active voice

A grammatical structure in which the subject is the actor of the sentence e.g. the dog eats the bone

passive voice

The subject of the sentence receives the action.

THE MOUSE WAS CHASED

Often used to be sneaky... MISTAKES WERE MADE

Agentless passive

Used when the speaker or writer does not want to include a reference to the agent..

The Ruby Princess was boarded (by government officials)

Listing

The process by which collections of usually three or more related elements are placed together, seperated by punctuation such as commas or bullet points.

Parallelism

When two or more phrases, clauses or sentences are structually similar and appear near each other.

Awkward sentence: Olympic athletes usually like practicing, competing, and to eat ice cream sandwiches.

Paralinguistic features

Body language,facial expressions, eye contact, hand gestures

code switching

the practice of alternating between two or more languages or varieties of language in conversation.

Cohesion

Grammatical and lexical linking within a text or sentence. Cohesion holds a text together and gives it meaning. Related to coherence, but smaller. Cohesive ties include pronouns, conjunctions, ellipses, substitution, synonyms and antonyms

https://www.vcestudyguides.com/blog/coherence-and-cohesion

Coherence

Logical development and integration within speech or writing. Coherence makes a text understandable.

https://www.vcestudyguides.com/blog/coherence-and-cohesion

Inference

Something that has been deduced by using implicit information (such as cultural knowledge)

Logical ordering

Ensures that a text is structured both visually and textually in a way that makes sense for that text type.

Formatting

The process of changing the appearance of the text, layout, and design of a slide.

lexical choice

-Collocations

-Hyponym/hypernyms

-Synonym and antonyms

-elevated lexis/colloquialisms

-swearing

-slang

-borrowed words (foreign words)

Hyponym

The relationship between general and specific lexical items, eg. DOG is a hyponym of ANIMAL

synonyms

words that have similar meanings

Antonym

the use of words which are opposite in meaning e.g. hot and cold