Schools of Psychology (Contemporary)

Gestalt Therapists

helping clients integrate conflicting parts of their personality (making themselves "whole")

Biological perspective

relationships between brain/hormone/heredity/evolution and behavior/mental processes

Biological perspective

study the role of heredity in behavior and mental processes

Charles Darwin

(person) species tend to evolve in adaptive directions

Biological perspective

seeks to understand the nature of the links between biological processes and structures

Cognitive perspective

realm of mental processes to understand human nature

Cognitive perspective

investigate how we perceive and mentally represent the world, how we learn, remember the past, plan for the future, solve problems, form judgements, make decisions, and use language

mind

cognitive psychologists study those things we refer to as the ________

humanistic-existential perspective

cognitive in flavor, yet emphasizes role of subjective (personal) experience

Humanism

human capacity for self-fulfillment and the central roles of consciousness, self-awareness, and decision making

Humanism

"invent ourselves"

Consciousness

force that unifies our personalities

Existentialism

views people as free to choose and as being responsible for choosing ethical conduct

Carl Rogers (1951), Abraham Maslow (1970)

humanistic-existential perspective is grounded in the work of ________

neoanalysts

contemporary psychologists who follow theories derived from freud

Karen Horney (1885-1952), Erik Erikson (1902-1994)

famous neoanalysts

Karen Horney (1885-1952), Erik Erikson (1902-1994)

(person) focused less on unconscious processes and more on conscious choice and self-direction

Learning

essential factor in describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling behavior

John B. Watson

(person) ppl do things bc of history, situation, & reward, not bc of conscious choice

John B. Watson

he emphasizes environmental influences and the learning of habits through repetition and reinforcement

Social cognitive theorists

they suggest that people can modify and create their environments

cognition

key role in modifying and creating environments

Sociocultural perspective

people differ from one another

Sociocultural perspective

study influences of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status on behavior and mental processes

social cognitive theory

school of psychology in the behaviorist tradition that includes cognitive factors in the explanation and prediction of behavior

social learning theory

social cognitive theory is formerly termed as _____

sociocultural perspective

view that focuses on roles of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in behavior and mental processes

Gender

culturally defined concepts of masculinity and femininity

Gender

not fully defined by anatomic sex

Gender

involves cultural expectations and social roles that affect people's self-concepts and hopes and dreams as well as their behavior

Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930)

she introduced the method of paired associates to study memory

Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930)

(person) discovered the primacy and recency effects

Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930)

she engaged in research into the role of the frequency and repetition of the vividness of memories

Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930)

president of the American Psychological Association

Mary Salter Ainsworth (1913-1999)

(person) revolutionized understanding of attachment between parents and children by means of her cross-cultural studies