ignore this one too

The New South

The term "new south" was coined after the Civil War. The South industrializes, but still is mainly dependent on agriculture. There is no slavery, but there is still "white rule." There are Jim Crow laws, which segregates black and white people. Tenant farming, share-cropping, and crop-lien system replaced slavery

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops. A cycle of debt occurred and black people were once again stuck in a form of slavery

Tenant Farming

system of farming in which a person rents land to farm from a planter

How were African Americans blocked from voting

"Grandfather Clauses" were laws that limited the rights of African Americans from voting. For example, there were poll taxes, literary tests, and having to own property.

Other than tests or rules, the KKK threatened black people at the polls

Who were the three Progressive presidents

Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Woodrow Wilson

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act (business regulation), safe food regulations (Meat Inspection Act; Pure Food and Drug Act), Labor Relations: "Square Deal," and Panama Canal

Square Deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

William Howard Taft

(1908-1912), was endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, and believed all monopolies were bad.

Children's Bureau: protect against child labor

appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests

Taft fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson

Woodrow Wilson

New Freedom: more antitrust action, lower tariffs, and financial reforms

Clayton Anti-Trust Act, Federal Trade Commission Act, Volstead Act, Federal Reserve Act

Progressive Era

time at the turn of the 20th century in which groups sought to reform America economically, socially, and politically

Progressives sought to use government influence to solve societal problems.

16th Amendment

Allows the federal government to collect income tax

17th Amendment

Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures)

18th Amendment

Prohibition of alcohol

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote

What was the biggest single issue of the Progressive Era

monopolies and trusts

Monopolies and Trusts

business organizations in which a small group of managers control many companies

Sherman Antitrust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions because it stated that restraining trade was illegal (hard to implement regulation)

Meat Inspection Act

1906 - Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines.

The Jungle

This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act.

Food and Drug Aministration (FDA)

federal agency responsible for the regulation and enforcement of drug evaluation and distribution policies

Clayton Antitrust Act

law that weakened monopolies and upheld the rights of unions and farm organizations

Woodrow Wilson

Federal Reserve Act

a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply.

The banks pay interest to the Federal Reserve from the loans that they give the bank

Volstead Act

The Act specified that "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act." It did not specifically prohibit the purchase or use of intoxicating liquors

14 Points

Woodrow Wilson's peace plan; was easy on the Germans' punishment for war. Points included: people all over the world are to determine their own fate, (self-determination),no colonial powers grabbing nations, free trade, no secret pacts, freedom of the seas, arms reduction, creation of world organization/League of Nations.

Not ratified by the US Senate because of the League of Nations

The Scopes Trial

a highly publicized trial in 1925 when John Thomas Scopes violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school. Scopes was found guilty, but the impact was that the Butler Act was never again enforced

Flappers

carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom.

Immigration Restriction in the 1920s

Emergency Quota Act, 1921: set a quota on how many people were allowed into the US from each country

Immigration Act of 1924: allowed 2% of people of each nationality in the US as of the 1890 census.

The First New Deal

Established to serve the "three Rs" Relief for the people out of work, Recovery for business and the economy as a whole, and Reform of American economic institutions. The first 100 days where laws were passed and organizations founded to help the American people

The Second New Deal

A new set of programs and reforms launched by FDR in 1935

National Industrial Recovery Act

1933 National Industrial Recovery Act. Recovery and reform. Created NRA to enforce codes of fair competition and minimum wages. Section 7a protected collective bargaining rights for unions. Authorized the President to regulate industry in an attempt to raise prices after severe deflation and stimulate economic recovery.(First New Deal)

Agricultural Adjustment Act

Gave farmers money to reduce crop size to reduce production and bring up the value of crops

2nd Agricultural Adjustment Act

1938, didn't include a processing tax to pay for farm subsidies; attempted to help sharecroppers, migrant workers, and poor farmers; revived payments to farmers for not growing(Second New Deal)

Bank Holiday

Emergency Banking Act:

A government legislation passed that allowed a plan which would close down insolvent banks and reorganize and reopen those banks strong enough to survive. All banks were closed for 4 days for this to occur.(First New Deal)

FDIC

Established by the Glass-Steagall Act. The FDIC is meant to protect individual's bank accounts up to $250,000

Public Works Administration

(FDR) Created for both industrial recovery and for unemployment relief. It aimed at long-range recovery and spent $4 billion on thousands of projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways.

New deal job-creating programs

Public Works Administration, Works Progress Administration, Tennessee Valley Authority, Civilian Conservation Corps

National Labor Relations Act

This law also known as the Wagner Act. Established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.

Frances Perkins

U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet.

Huey Long

Political leader from Louisiana who criticized the New Deal.

He wanted the redistribution of wealth. Everyone should have a car, house, income, access to college, and own a radio

Share our Wealth Program

"Every man a king"

Francis Townsend

critic of the New Deal; felt that the New Deal did not do enough for the elderly

He proposed his own idea for giving money to the elderly when they retired. Precursor to he Social Security Act

Upton Sinclair

"Muckraker" who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

critic of the New Deal

Social Security Act

guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Cash and Carry program

Starting in 1939, any nation fighting in World War II could purchase goods and arms in the United States. Nations had to come to the US and get the weapons and pay in cash.

Neutrality Acts

4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents and made it illegal to trade military gear with other nations at war

Destroyers for Bases Deal

Roosevelt's compromise for helping Britain as he could not sell Britain US destroyers without defying the Neutrality Act; Britain received 50 old but still serviceable US destroyers in exchange for giving the US the right to build military bases on British Islands in the Caribbean.

Lend-Lease program

US policy to lend weapons to Allied nations during WWII

Jeanette Rankin

Jeannette Pickering Rankin was an American politician and women's rights advocate who became the first woman to hold federal office in the United States in 1917. She was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as a Republican from Montana in 1916;

Double V Campaign

African American strategy to defeat Hitler's racism abroad as well as racism at home

Victory in WWII and victory at home with the end of racism

Tuskegee Airman (unit of black men who flew planes)

New Laws after WWII against racism

Executive Order 8802: bans discrimination in the military

Fair Employment Practices Committee: investigates unfair hiring practices and after hiring

Internment Camps

Executive Order 9066: sent Japanese Americans to internment Camps after the bombings at Pearl Harbor.

Code Talkers

Navaho men who served in the military by transmitting radio messages in their native languages, which were undecipherable by German and Japanese spies.

Zoot Suit Riots

A series of riots that originated in Los Angeles between White soldiers stationed in the cities and Latinos. The military men who mad that the Mexicans weren't being drafted.

Some Mexicans at the time wore Zoot Suits, which were baggy coats and baggy pants with a fedora.

Women's contribution to WWII

Women found a place in the military:

-Army auxiliary

-WAVES (the navy)

-Coast Guard (SPARS)

-Tested airplanes and transport them (Airforce)

-worked in factories to make war supplies (Rosie the Riviter)

World War II Technology

radar, sonar, airplanes, submarines, fast moving armored tanks, code/code breaking, atomic bomb

Cold War Presidents

Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, Ford, Carter, Reagan and H.W. Bush

The Marshall Plan

a plan for aiding the European nations in economic recovery after World War II in order to stabilize and rebuild their countries and prevent the spread of communism. Thought that by giving money to European Nations, they would be more likely to have democratic governments rather than communist governments

Truman Doctrine

President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology

Containment

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world. Keep communism contained in a country without it spreading

George Kennan

He was an American diplomat and ambassador best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War.

Sent a "Long Telegram" about containment and the USSR

NSC-68

A National Security Council document, approved by President Truman in 1950, developed in response to the Soviet Union's growing influence and nuclear capability; it called for an increase in the US conventional and nuclear forces to carry out the policy of containment.

Mission to stop the spread of communism

The New Look

A term used to describe the shift in foreign policy from containment to massive retaliation. This was the new way to look at foreign policy and aimed to roll back communism.

massive nuclear weapon buildup, covert activities. Eisenhower

Federal Highway Act

1956-largest public works project in the United States history; Eisenhower signed the law, which built over 40,000 miles of highways in the United States at a cost of $25 billion and created the interstate highway system; ostensibly to create routes for moving military supplies and for emergency evacuation in case of nuclear attack. The highway system made coast-to-coast driving a more common occurrence, and car-oriented vacations became a reality. - The growth of interstate highways allowed for a demographic shift as people vacationed, visited, and moved to areas in the south and southwest—the Sunbelt, from Florida through the deep South, all the way through Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.

Cuban Revolution

the revolution led by Fidel Castro and a small band of guerrilla fighters against a corrupt dictatorship in Cuba. Set up communism in Cuba.

Bay of Pigs Invasion

failed invasion of Cuba in 1961 when a force of 1,200 Cuban exiles, backed by the United States, landed at the Bay of Pigs.

Sputnik

The world's first space satellite. This meant the Soviet Union had a missile powerful enough to reach the US.

Berlin Wall

A fortified wall surrounding West Berlin, Germany, built in 1961 to prevent East German citizens from traveling to the West. Its demolition in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War. This wall was both a deterrent to individuals trying to escape and a symbol of repression to the free world.

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba. Compromise was that US takes away missiles in Turkey and USSR takes away missiles in Cuba

Brown v Board of Education

1954 case that overturned Separate but Equal standard of discrimination in education.

Rachel Carson, Silent Spring

An American marine biologist wrote in 1962 about her suspicion that the pesticide DDT, by entering the food chain and eventually concentrating in higher animals, caused reproductive dysfunctions. In 1973, DDT was banned in the U.S. except for use in extreme health emergencies.

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement

Montgomery Bus Boycott

protest in 1955-1956 by African Americans against racial segregation in bus system of Montgomery, Alabama. They did not ride city buses for a whole year. Eventually segregation on buses was not allowed

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964). Got his start in the Montgomery Bus Boycotts