Plant Vocabulary (full sugos edition)

Plant Vocab QUiz 4/5/23

Bryophyte

Nonvascular plant; Includes mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

Nonvascular plants

No vascular tissue
Water moves via osmosis
Low-Growing

Vascular Plants 2 main groups

Seeded (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms)
Seedless (Ferns)

Vascular Plants

Plants with specialized cells for moving water and nutrients thoughout the plant

Lignin

substance in vascular plants that makes cell walls rigid

Ferns

Seedless vascular plant
Requires water for sperm to move to egg
Spores produced in sori

Frond

Leaf of a fern plant

Gymnosperms

Vascular Plants
Produce "naked seeds" on scales of cones
water not needed for reproduction

Pollen

A gametophyte structure that carries the male gamete

Angiosperms

Vascular plants
Produce flowers
Develop seeds in fruit

What are the two classes of Angiosperms?

monocots and dicots

Monocot

one seed leaf in embryo
parallel veins in leaves
flower parts in multiples of 3
scattered vascular bundles in stem
fibrous root

Monocot examples

Grasses, lilies, orchid, tulip, palms

Dicots

two seed leaves in embryo
most flowering plants
leaves with netted veins
flower parts with multiples of 4 or 5
vascular bundles in ring in stem
taproots

Dicot examples

Rose, columbine, iris

Root

a plant organ that takes in water and nutrients from the soil

Taproot

large central root

Fibrous root

highly branched and same size

Root hairs

increase surface area for absorption

Root cap

protects tip of root (apical meristem?)

Stems

organ of plants that provide structure and transportation

Herbacous stem

flexible, vascular, bundles, scattered
soft green stems

Woody Stem

hard lignified stems
have growth rings of vascular tissue that determine age
rigid

Cuticle

Waxy covering of the epidermis

Epidermis

Outmost layer of plant

Mesophyll

The tissue in the interior of the leaf

Stomata

Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move

Guard cell

Pairs of cells that surround stomata and control their opening and closing

Vein

Xylem and phloem

Xylem

Water transport

Phloem

Sugar and other nutrient transport

Petriole

The stalk that connects a leaf to the stem

Blade

Thin, flattened section of a plant leaf that collects sunlight

Tissues

Organized groups of similar cells

Dermal tissue

Guard cells and protection
Epidermis and waxy cuticle
Has root hairs

Vascular tissue

Transports water and nutrients

Ground tissue

Growth
Photosynthesis
Storage
Between dermal and vascular tissues

Meristematic tissue

Undifferentiated cells which divide and become specialized
Has 2 types

Apical meristem

Increases length at tips of root and shoot
Primary growth

Lateral meristem (Cambium)

Growth tissue that increases the width of the stem
Secondary growth

Primary Growth

Length growth

Secondary Growth

Lateral growth

Cohesion - Tension theory

The mechanism of water movement from roots to leaves due to water cohesion and water tension

pressure-flow hypothesis

Water and dissolved sugars move from the source (areas of high pressure) to the sink (area of low pressure).

Cells

basic unit of life

Parenchyma

thin cell walls
can divide whole lifetime
photosynthesis and storage

Collenchyma

strong, flexible cell walls for support but still allow for growth

Sclerenchyma

very thick, rigid cell wall (lignin)

Alteration of generations

life cycle that has two alternating phases—a haploid (N) phase and diploid (2N) phase

Gametophyte

Produces gametes

Sporophyte

Produces spores

Diploid

2 sets of chromosomes (2n)

Haploid

1 set of chromosomes (n)

Pollination

pollen lands on stigma

Self-Pollination

Transfer of pollen to same plant

Cross-pollination

Transfer of pollen to different plant

Flower

The reproductive structure of an angiosperm

Sepal

A leaflike structure that encloses the bud of a flower.

Petal

Attracts pollinators
Leaflike and colorful

Corolla

Arrangement of petals (usually in a circle)

Stamen

Male part of the flower
Contains anther and filament

Anther

Produces pollen in stamen

Filament

Stalk that supports the anther

Pistil (carpel)

Female part of the flower
Consists of stigma, style and ovary

Stigma

Pollen receptor

Style

Connects stigma to ovary

Ovary

Holds ovules

Ovule

Develops into a seed

Egg

Female reproductive cell

Receptacle

The base of a flower where all points conjoin

Complete Flower

A flower that has all four basic floral organs: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.

Incomplete Flower

Lacks one or more of the basic floral organs

Double Fertilization

One sperm joins with the egg in the ovule and the other joins with the CENTRAL CELL (2N) to form the ENDOSPERM (3N)

Fruit

Mature ovary of a flower that protects and disperses dormant seeds

Seed

Plant embryo and a food supply encased in a protective covering

Embryo

Organism in earliest stage of development
Formed from zygote

Cotyledon

Seed leaf of embryo

Seed coat

Protects embryo

Endosperm

Food-rich tissue that nourishes a seedling as it grows

Germination

Sprouting of a seed

Transpiration

Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant

Tropisms

Response to stimuli from the environment

Phototropism

Response to light

Gravitropism

Response to gravity

Thigmotropism

Response to touch

Hormones

Chemicals made in one part of an organism that cause a change somewhere else

Auxins

Growth hormones;
Cause cells to elongate, inhibit growth of side branches

Gibberellins

Dramatic increase in size in plant structures
Germination

Cytokinins

Growth of side branches

Ethylene

Ripens fruit

Photoperiodism

Response to amount of darkness during day
Causes blooming in different seasons for different plants
Due to pigment phytochrome

Plant adaptations

Waxy cuticle
Stomata
Specialized leaves for photosynthesis
Specialized roots for absorption of water and minerals
Specialized stem to transport materials; Taller plants have vascular system
Lignin
Adaptations to live on land

Lifespans

Plant longevity

Annual

Yearly

Biennual

Every 2 years

Perennial

Lasting for a long time

Regeneration

New plant grown from a piece

Vegetative reproduction

Asexual reproduction in which offspring grow from a part of a parent plant

Stolons

Horizontal above ground stems

Rhizomes

Horizontal underground stems