COVER TEST

Tropia

A manifest deviation of the visual axes occurring when stimuli to fusion is operating, also known as strabismus or manifest deviation, present even if eyes are fusing the image.

Phoria

A latent deviation that occurs by eliminating all stimuli of fusion, including heterophoria.

Diplopia

The perception of one object that projects on two different non-corresponding retinal areas, causing confusion and discomfort, especially in driving situations.

Visual Confusion

The occurrence of two different images overlapping, not the same image, leading to the perception of one image on top of the other, often seen in strabismus cases.

Strabismus Evaluation

Assessment of the onset, constant or intermittent nature, comitancy, and direction of deviation in tropias, including unilateral, alternating, constant, and intermittent deviations.

Direction of Deviation

Describes the ortho, lateral/horizontal, vertical, and combined deviations, including cyclodeviations, and how to measure and report them using prisms.

Tropia vs

Differentiates between manifest deviation (tropia) and latent deviation (phoria) based on the presence of fusion stimuli and the direction and magnitude of deviation.

Cover Test

A clinical test that provides an objective measurement of the magnitude and direction of deviation, crucial in determining the presence of tropia or phoria.

Prisms

Optical devices used to neutralize and measure deviations, with the base oriented towards the direction of eye movement, aiding in the correction of manifest deviations.

Hirschberg Test

A screening tool to identify strabismus by observing the corneal light reflex, where any asymmetry indicates the presence and magnitude of an eye turn.