Chapter 8: Social & Political Philosophy

0.0(0)
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/39

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

40 Terms

1
New cards
Egalitarians
________ say there are no relevant differences among people, so all should be treated equally.
2
New cards
full human development
It is necessary for ________ and is the source of the culture and tradition that make us who we are.
3
New cards
Okin
________ argues that the public or nondomestic world where economic and political power is centered, and the private domestic world of the family where women are unequal and psychologically oppressed, have deep and pervasive interconnections that affect women detrimentally.
4
New cards
moderate egalitarianism
Justice as ________ holds that political rights and economic opportunities should be distributed equally but that all other economic benefits and burdens should be distributed according.
5
New cards
Rawls
________ argues that a just government is one we would choose to live under if we chose without knowing whether we would be rich or poor, black or white, and so forth.
6
New cards
Donaldson
________ claims that moral rights must protect things of great importance that are subject to substantial and recurrent threat and must impose fair and affordable obligations.
7
New cards
Pacifism
________ would condemn terrorism as immoral but would not approve using violence in pursuit of terrorists.
8
New cards
Social contract
________ theory tries to justify this power and authority by arguing that citizens have made an agreement or "contract "that gives the state this power.
9
New cards
social contract theory
tries to justify this power and authority by arguing that citizens have made an agreement or “contract” that gives the state this power
10
New cards
Hobbes
held that because humans are selfish and driven by greed, without government life would be a “war of every man against every man” and “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.”
11
New cards
Locke
viewed humans as essentially moral beings who ought to obey natural moral rules.
12
New cards
Rousseau
argued that without government, people’s property and security are at risk.
13
New cards
Rawls
argues that a just government is one we would choose to live under if we chose without knowing whether we would be rich or poor, black or white, and so forth.
14
New cards
communitarian critique
argue that social contract theory mistakenly ignores Aristotle’s and Hegel’s claim that government is not an artificial construct but is a natural outgrowth of our social nature
15
New cards
feminists
also argue that social contract theory divides the “public” life of politics and economics, in which men predominate, from the “private” life of the family, where women are confined to labor so that men can participate in public life.
16
New cards
Okin
argues that the public or nondomestic world where economic and political power is centered, and the private domestic world of the family where women are unequal and psychologically oppressed, have deep and pervasive interconnections that affect women detrimentally.
17
New cards
retributive justice
looks at how fair punishments are
18
New cards
distributive justice
looks at how fairly society distributes benefits and burdens
19
New cards
principle of formal justice
people should be treated the same when they are similar in relevant respects and differently when they differ in relevant respects.
20
New cards
Justice as merit
holds that benefits and burdens should be distributed unequally according to people’s ability, effort, achievement, or social status.
21
New cards
justice as strict equality
holds that everyone should have equal shares of society’s benefits and burdens.
22
New cards
egalitarians
say there are no relevant differences among people, so all should be treated equally.
23
New cards
Justice as moderate egalitarianism
holds that political rights and economic opportunities should be distributed equally but that all other economic benefits and burdens should be distributed according \n to the relevant differences among people.
24
New cards
justice as social utility
holds that benefits and burdens should be distributed so as to maximize social benefits and minimize social harms
25
New cards
socialist justice
holds that burdens should be distributed by ability and benefits by need.
26
New cards
Justice in the welfare liberalism
equires equal liberty in society’s political institutions, equal opportunity for desirable jobs and positions, and the difference principle, which says economic inequalities are just only if they produce benefits for the least advantaged.
27
New cards
justice in classical liberalism
holds that equality and maximum liberty are just in the political arena but that economic goods should be distributed as people freely choose to distribute what they make or are given
28
New cards
eternal law
type of law; God’s decrees for the universe
29
New cards
natural law
type of law; the moral law that is based on human nature
30
New cards
human law
type of law; the laws that humans create to govern their societies
31
New cards
Gandhi
argued that one has a right to disobey unjust laws and advocated nonviolent “passive” resistance to unjust laws because using violence to overthrow unjust laws will lead to more violence.
32
New cards
Williams
agreed that unjust laws need not be obeyed, but he argued that violence should be used to deal with unjust laws because nonviolence is ineffective.
33
New cards
tyranny of the majority
the tendency of society to suppress anything it dislikes
34
New cards
nine principles of just war
what is this?

\
war is morally justified if it is

* (1) declared by a legitimate authority
* (2) fought for a just cause
* (3) fought with a right intention—the intention to achieve the just end and not to inflict needless injuries
* (4) must be fought as a last resort


* (5) when there is a real and certain danger
* (6) a reasonable probability of success
* (7) the end is proportional to the probable harm
35
New cards
*jus ad bellum*
justice when approaching war
36
New cards
*jus in bello*
justice when in war
37
New cards
political realism
would not condemn terrorism as immoral, and it would claim that it is not wrong to use any amount of violence to protect a nation’s citizens from terrorists.
38
New cards
pacifism
would condemn terrorism as immoral but would not approve using violence in pursuit of terrorists.
39
New cards
just war theory
would condemn terrorism because it is usually violence that is not authorized by a legitimate authority
40
New cards
just war theory
would approve the use of violence against terrorists only if it adheres to the nine principles of just war