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standards
documented agreements containing technical specifications or other precise criteria that stipulate how a particular product or service should be designed or performed
institute of electrical and electronics engineers (IEEE)
american national standards institute (ANSI)
electronic industries alliance (EIA)
telecommunications industry association (TIA)
internet engineering task force (IETF)
organization for standardization (ISO)
these are the common standardization organizations
institute of electrical and electronics engineers (IEEE)
international society composed of engineering professionals
aims to promote development and education in the electrical engineering and computer science fields
standardization of LAN technologies
what is IEEE probably best known for?
IEEE’s Project 802
this project aided in the standardization of ethernet (802.3), token ring (802.5). and wireless LANs (802.11)
american national standards institute (ANSI)
an organization composed of more than one thousand representatives from industry and government who determine standards for electronics, industry and other fields such as chemical and nuclear engineering, health and safety,
american standard for code information interchange (ASCII)
small computer system interface (SCSI)
ANSI is known for published standards such as these two:
electronics industries alliance (EIA)
trade organization composed of representatives from electronics manufacturing firms across the US
writes ANSI standards and legislation favorable to the growth of computer and electronic industries
telecommunications industry association (TIA)
focuses on standards for information technology, wireless, satellite, fiber optics, and telephone equipment
TIA-EIA 568 - B Series
the best known standards to come from the TIA/EIA alliance are its guidelines for how network cable should be installed in commercial buildings, known as ___
internet engineering task force (IETF)
organization responsible for the overall development of the internet and the standardization of internetworking technologies
sets standards for how systems communicate over the internet
internet society (ISOC)
internet engineering steering group (IESG)
internet architecture board (IAB)
internet assigned numbers authority (IANA)
these are the four groups under the IETF
internet society (ISOC)
oversees the overall development on the internet
internet engineering steering group (IESG)
oversees activities of IETF and manages the process used to introduce or update internet standards
internet architecture board (IAB)
serves as the technology advisory group to the internet society and is responsible for all overall development of the protocols and architecture associated with the internet
internet assigned numbers authority (IANA)
oversees internet naming and addressing
in charge of all unique parameters on the internet
organization for standardization (ISO)
an international standards organization responsible for a wide range of standards, including many that are relevant to networking
application layer
this provides interfaces for application software so that applications can use network services. its protocol designates transport layer protocols and ports
simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP)
post office protocol, version 3 (POP3)
trivial file transfer protocol (TFTP)
file transfer protocol (FTP)
network file system (NFS)
domain name system (DNS)
simple network management protocol (SNMP)
terminal emulation protocol network (Telnet)
remote login application (rlogin)
hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP)
HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol over Secure Socket Layer)
these are the application layer proto
simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP)
refers to a TCP/IP protocol that specifies a reliable and efficient transfer of electronic mail service on the internet
post office protocol, version 3 (POP#)
refers to a TCP/IP protocol that is designated to allow a workstation to retrieve mail that the server is holding for it
trivial file transfer protocol (TFTP)
a small and simple alternative to FTP that uses UDP to transfer files between systems
file transfer protocol (FTP)
refers to a TCP/IP protocol that enables the sharing of computer programs and data between hosts over a TCP/IP network
uses TCP to create virtual connection for control information and creates separate TCP connection for data transfer
network file system (NFS)
refers to a TCP/IP protocol that enables computers to mount drives on remote hosts and operate them as if they were local drives
domain name system (DNS)
refers to a TCP/IP protocol that is used on the internet for translating names of domains and their publicly advertised network nodes into IP addresses
simple network management protocol (SNMP)
refers to a TCP/IP protocol that monitors and controls the exchange of management information between networks and network components
enables network admins to manage configs, stats collection, network
managed devices
agent
NMS
SNMP model includes these three components:
managed devices
these collect and store management information and make this information available to NMS using SNMP
agent
has local knowledge of management i
NMS
executes applications that monitor and control managed devices
provides the bulk of the processing and memory resources required for network management
terminal emulation protocol network (Telnet)
refers to a TCP/IP protocol that uses the TCP as the transport protocol to establish a connection between server and client
daemon
telnet uses a special software called ___, which is referred to as a remote host
virtual terminal (VTY) session, or connection
a connection using telnet is called a ___
remote login application (rlogin)
is a UNIX command that allows authorized users to log in to other UNIZ machines (hosts) on a network and to interact as if the user were physically at the host computer
hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP)
an application level protocol service and an internet standard developed by the IETF that supports the exchange of information on the world wide web, as well as on internal networks
HTTPS (hypertext transfer protocol over secure socket layer)
a secure message-oriented communications protocol designed for use in conjunction with HTTP
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)
security protocol that works at a socket level
exists between the TCP layer and the application layer to encrypt/decode data and authenticate concerned entities.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Computers running on the Internet communicate to each other using either these two
Transport Control Protocol (TCP)
refers to a connection-oriented TCP/IP standard transport layer protocol that provides reliable data delivery, duplicate data suppression, congestion control, and flow control on which many application protocols depend.
true
(T/F) Transport protocols are used to deliver information from one port to another and thereby enable communication between application programs.
true
(T/F) The reliability of the communication between the source and destination programs is ensured through error-detection and error-correction mechanisms that are implemented within TCP.
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
refers to a connectionless TCP/IP standard transport layer protocol that provides unreliable, best-effort service.
datagrams
UDP is a protocol that sends independent packets of data, called ___, from one computer to another with no guarantees about arrival
true
(T/F) Sending datagrams is much like sending a letter through the postal service: The order of delivery is not important and is not guaranteed, and each message is independent of any other
true
(T/F) under port numbers, data transmitted over the internet is accompanied by addressing information that identifies the computer and the port for which it is destined
32-bit IP address
the computer is identified by its ___, which uses IP to deliver data to the specific computer on the network
ports
these are identified by a 16-bit number, which TCP and UDP use to deliver the data to the specific application
0 to 65,535
port numbers range from ___ because ports are represented by 16-bit numbers
well-known ports
port numbers ranging from 0 - 1023 are restricted; they are reserved for use by well-known services such as HTTP and FTP and other system services called ___
source port
destination port
sequence number
acknowledgment number
header length
reserved
control bits
window
checksum
these are the 9 TCP header fields
Source Port
identifies the application that sends the segment
16 bits long.
Destination Port
identifies the application that receives the segment
16 bits long
Sequence Number
refers to every byte of data sent over a TCP connection
value of this field is equal to the sequence number of the first byte in a sent segment.
32 bits long
Acknowledgment Number
indicates sequence number of the next segment's first byte that the receiver is expecting to receive
value of this field is 1 plus the sequence number of the last byte in the previous segment that is successfully received.
This field is 32 bits long.
Header Length
indicates the length of the TCP header.unit is 32 bits (4 bytes). If there is no option content, the value of this field is 5, indicating that the header contains 20 bytes.
Reserved
this field is always set to 0 as it is intended for future protocol changes. It is 6 bits long.
Control Bits
include FIN, ACK, and SYN flags which indicate the TCP data segments in different states
Window
is used for TCP flow control.
The value is the maximum number of bytes that are allowed by the receiver
Checksum
is a mandatory field in which it is calculated and stored by the sender and verified by the receiver.
source port
destination port
length
checksum
these are the 4 UDP header fields
Source Port
identifies the application that sends the segment.
This field is 16 bits long.
Destination Port
identifies the application that receives the segment.
This field is 16 bits long
Length
specifies the total length of the UDP header and data.
The possible minimum length is 8 bytes because the UDP header already occupies 8 bytes
Checksum
refers to the checksum of the UDP header and UDP data.
This field is 16 bits long.
Three-way handshake
is a method in which the sender and the receiver inform their respective operating systems that a connection will be initiated before the actual data communication begins.
synchronize
SYN means?
acknowledge
AC means?
finish
FIN means?
Sequence Number and Acknowledgment Number
fields to implement reliable and ordered data transmission.
Window Sliding Mechanism
requires the sender to receive an acknowledgment from the receiver after transmitting a certain amount of data.
TCP Shutdown (Four Way Handshake)
is engaged when the data transmission is complete in order to disconnect the TCP connection and release system resources.
IP version 4 (IPv4)
IP version 6 (IPv6)
currently, these are the two versions of an IP
1981
when was IPv4 deployed?
1992
when was IPv6 deployed?
32-bit (4 bytes) addressing scheme
what is the address size of IPv4?
128-bit (16 bytes) addressing scheme
what is the address size of IPv6?
dotted decimal notation
what is the address format of IPv4?
hexadecimal notation
what is the address format of IPv6^?
192.149.0.0/24
what is the prefix notation of IPv4?
3FEE:F200:0234:AB00:0123:4567:8901:ABCD
what is the prefix notation of IPv6?
232
what is the number of addresses of IPv4?
2128
what is the number of addresses in IPv6?
media access control (MAC) address
refers to the unique physical addresses of all computers, which are assigned by the manufacturer of the network interface card
organizational unique identifier (OUI)
the first 24 bits of the MAC address that is vendor specific
identifies the company that manufactured or sold the device (eg network interface card, router ports)
vendor-assigned
the remaining 24 bits of the MAC address that is incrementally and uniquely assigned by the specific vendor of the hardware
denotes the serial number of the individual device
IP address
refers to an address that is usually assigned by the network administrator or internet service provider to uniquely and universally identify each device on an IP network
public IP address
is what computers use to find each other online and exchange information
is assigned to the computer by the ISP as soon as the computer is connected to the internet gateway
static public IP address
a fixed IP address and is used primarily for hosting web pages otr services on the internet
dynamic public IP address
is chosen from a pool of available addresses and changes each time one connects to the internet
private IP address
is what computers on a network use to communicate with the router
can change each time they are connected
network ID/field
host ID
these are the two parts of an IP address
network ID/field
part of an IP address that identifies the host that is located on the same physical network
host ID
also known as host address
identifies the individual host within a network
class A address
uses only the first octet (8 bits) of the 32-bit number to indicate the network address
entire second to fourth octet is used for host addresses, now equivalent to a total of 24 bits
class B address
uses two of the four octets (16 bits) to indicate the network address
the two other octets, which specify the host addresses, now have a total of 16 bits
class C address
uses the first three octets (24 bits) of the IP address to identify the network portion, with the remaining octet reserved for the host portion, which is equivalent to eight bits
class D address
an address created to enable multicasting using an IP address
multicast address
is a unique address that directs packets with that destination address to predefined groups of hosts
class E address
this is reserved by the internet engineering task force (IETF) for its own research
1.0.0.0 to 127.0.0.0
Network,Host,Host,Host
24 no. of bits used
16,777,214 maximum host
this represents the class A address