Part 1 Chiropractic Boards: Gross Anatomy --> Appendicular Myology, Arthrology, Syndesmology, & Osteology

What are the 4 rotator cuff muscles?

1. supraspinatus

2. infraspinatus

3. teres minor

4. subscapularis

NOTE: SITS

What is the OIANB for Supraspinatus?

O = fossa of scapula

I = greater tubercle of humerus

A = Abduction

N = Suprascapular n.

B = Suprascapular a.

What is the OIANB for Infraspinatus?

O = fossa of scapula

I = greater tubercle of humerus

A = External (lateral) rotation

N = Suprascapular n.

B = Suprascapular a.

NOTE: supra & infraspinatus exactly the same EXCEPT the action

What is the OIANB for Teres minor?

O = Lateral border dorsal scapula

I = Greater tubercle of humerus

A = External (lateral) rotation

N = AXILLARY n.

B = Scapular circumflex a.

NOTE: Teres minor has SAME action as infraspinatus!

What is the OIANB for Subscapularis?

O = subscapular fossa

I = Lesser tubercle of humerus

A = Internal (medial) rotation

N = SUBscapular n

B = Lateral thoracic & Subscapular a.

What is the blood supply for Latissimus dorsi, Trapezius, Rhomboid, Serratus Anterior, Deltoid, Teres major, and Pectoralis minor?

Descending scapular artery

What is the A & N for Latissimus dorsi?

A = Extension & internal rotation of arm

N = Thoracodorsal n.

What is the A & N for Trapezius?

A = Adduct (retract) scapula

N = Spinal accessory n.

What is the OIAN for Rhomboid major/minor?

O =

MAJOR: SP of T2-T5

MINOR: SP of C7 & T1

I = Scapula

A = Adduct (retract) scapula

N = Dorsal Scapular

What is the A & N for Serratus Anterior?

A = Adheres scapula to chest wall

N = Long thoracic n.

What is the OIAN for Deltoid?

O = Trapezius, clavicle, acromion & spine of scapula (CATS)

I = Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

A = Abduction of arm

N = Axillary

What is the A & N for Teres major?

A = Extend; medial rotation; Adducts arm

N = Subscapular n.

What is the A & N for Pectoralis minor?

A = Draws scapula forward (depress shoulder)

N = Medial pectoral n.

What are the 5 muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm?

1) Biceps brachii

2) Brachialis

3) Brachioradialis

4) Coracobrachialis

5) Pronator teres

What is the common N supply for the Biceps brachii, Brachialis, and Coracobrachialis? What is the common B for these muscles + the Brachioradialis?

N = Musculocutaneous n

B = Brachial a.

NOTE: Brachioradialis = Radial n. (not musculocutaneous)

What is the OIA for Biceps brachii?

O =

SHORT: coracoid process

LONG: Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula (in capsule)

I = Radial tuberosity

A = Flexes elbow & supinates forearm

What is the OIA for Brachialis?

O = Humerus

I = tuberosity & coronoid process of ulna

A = Flexes elbow

What is the A & N for Brachioradialis?

A = Flexes elbow

N = Radial n.

NOTE: Same as brachialis EXCEPT innervated by radial n. not musculocutaneous

-- Brachioradialis is the SAME N & B as Triceps & Anconeus

What is the A for Coracobrachialis?

A = Flexes & adducts arm

What are the 2 muscles of the posterior compartment of the arm? What is their common N & B supply?

1) Triceps

2) Anconeus

N = Radial n.

B = Brachial a.

NOTE: Brachioradialis is the SAME N & B as Triceps & Anconeus

What is the I & A for Triceps & Anconeus?

I = Olecranon process of ulna

A = Extension

What are the 7 muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

1) Biceps brachii

2) Flexor radialis

3) Flexor carpi ulnaris (2)

4) Flexor digitorum profundus

5) Pronator teres

6) Flexor pollicis longus

7) Palmaris longus

NOTE: They all FLEX

What is the blood supply for all the muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm?

Ulnar artery

What is the OAN for Flexor radialis?

O = medial epicondyle of humerus

A = Flex & abducts wrist

N = MEDIAN n.

What is the OAN for Flexor carpi ulnaris?

O = 2 heads

1 -- medial epicondyle (humeral head)

2 -- ulna

A = Flex & adducts wrist

N = Ulnar n.

NOTE: Adduct is toward pinky (ulnar side), so similar action to flexor radialis except radialis is Abduct (toward THUMB side/radius)

What is the IAN for Flexor digitorum profundus?

I = palmar surface distal 2-5 phalanges

A = Flex DIP, PIP, MCP

N = 1/2 Median & 1/2 Ulnar

What is the OIAN of Pronator Teres?

O = Humeral (medial epicondyle) & ulnar (coronoid) head

I = Radius

A = Pronate forearm & Flex elbow

N = MEDIAN n.

What is the OIAN of Flexor pollicis longus?

O = Medial epicondyle of humerus

I = Palmar aponeurosis

A = Flexes distal thumb

N = MEDIAN n.

What is the A & N for Palmaris longus?

A = Wrist flexor

N = MEDIAN n.

What are the 3 muscles of the posterior forearm?

1) Extensor carpi radialis longus

2) Extensor carpi radialis brevis

3) Extensor carpi ulnaris

NOTE: They all EXTEND

What is the OIAN for Extensor carpi radialis longus & Extensor carpi radialis brevis?

O = Lateral epicondyle humerus

I =

Longus: Base 2nd metacarpal

Brevis: 3rd metacarpal

A = Extends & abducts wrist

N = RADIAL n.

What is the IAN for Extensor carpi ulnaris?

I = base 5th metacarpal

A = Extends & adducts wrist

N = Posterior interosseous n.

What are the 4 muscles of the pelvic girdle?

1) Levator ani (pelvic floor cavity)

2) Coccygeus

3) Transverse perinei profundus

4) Sphincter ani externus

NOTE: abdominal wall & superficial perineum muscles are in Spinal Anatomy section

What is the OIANB for Levator ani?

O = Pubis Ischial spine

I = Coccyx

A = Constricts rectum & vagina cavity

N = Pudendal plexus

B = Internal pudendal & inferior rectal a.

What is the OIANB for Coccygeus?

O = Ischial spine

I = Coccyx

A = pulls forward and supports coccyx

N = Pudendal plexus

B = Internal pudendal, inferior rectal, & inferior gluteal a.

What is the OIANB for the Trasnverse perinei profundus in males vs females?

O = Ischial rami

I =

MALES: Medial tendinous raphe

FEMALES: sides of vagina

A = Assists perineal body, helps sphincter action, & supports vagina (FEMALES) or prostate (MALES)

N = Branch of pudendal n.

B = Internal pudendal a.

What is the OIANB for the Sphincter ani externus?

O = Anococcygeal raphe

I = surround anal canal

A = Contracts orifice

N = Branches of pudendal

B = Inferior rectal & transverse perineal

What are the 6 muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh?

1) Rectus femoris

2) Vastus lateralis

3) Vastus MEDIALIS

4) Vastus intermedius

5) Sartorius

6) Iliopsoas (Iliacus + psoas)

What is the common nerve supply and blood supply for all the anterior compartment muscles of the thigh?

Nerve : Femoral n.

Blood Supply : Femoral a.

What is the OIA for Rectus femoris?

O = AIIS

I = patella

A = Extends leg, flexes thigh

What is the OIA for Sartorius?

O = ASIS

I = tibia

A = Hip & knee flexion, external rotates thigh

Rectus femoris & Sartorius cross two joints, making them known as what?

Tailor's muscle

What is the OIA for the Vastus lateralis?

O = Greater trochanter

I = patella

A = Extend leg

What is the OIA for the Vastus medialis?

O = Linea aspera

I = patella

A = Extend the leg

What is the OIA for the Vastus intermedius?

O = Femur

I = patella

A = Extend the leg

NOTE: All the quadricep muscles insert into the patella and extend the leg

What is the OIA for Iliopsoas?

O = ASIS

I = tibia

A = Hip flexion

What are the 3 muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?

1) Adductors (magnus, longus, brevis)

2) Gracilis

3) Pectineus

What is the common blood supply for all 3 medial compartment muscles of the thigh?

Obturator a.

What is the OIAN for the adductors (magnus, longus, & brevis)

O = Ramus pubis

I = linea aspera

A = Adduct

N = Obturator

What is the OIAN for Gracilis?

O = Pubic symphysis

I = Tibia

A = Adducts thigh & flexes leg

N = Obturator n.

What is the OIAN for Pectineus?

O = pubis

I = linea aspera

A = Adducts, flexes, & laterally rotates thigh

N = Femoral & Obturator n.

What are the 3 muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh?

1) Biceps femoris (2)

2) Semitendinosus

3) Semimembranosus

What is the shared blood supply for the posterior compartment of the thigh? What is important clinically about this blood supply?

Deep femoral artery

Popliteal pulse

What is the shared nerve supply for the posterior compartment of the thigh?

Tibial n.

What is the OIA for Biceps femoris (2)?

O =

LONG: ischial tuberosity

SHORT: linea aspira

I = Fibula

A = Flex & laterally rotate knee; Extend thigh

What is the OIA for the Semitendinousus & Semimembranosus

O = Ischial tuberosity

I = Tibia

A = Flex & medially rotate knee; Extend thigh

What are the 3 muscles of the lateral compartment of the thigh?

1) TFL

2) Gluteus medius & minimus

3) Gluteus maximus

What is the OIAN for TFL?

O = ilium

I = IT band

A = Abducts, flex, & medially rotates hip; Extends knee

N = Superior gluteal n.

What is the common blood supply for the muscles of the lateral compartment of the thigh?

Inferior gluteal a.

What is the OIAN for Gluteus medius & minimus?

O = Ilium

I = greater trochanter

A = abducts & medially rotates hip

N = Superior gluteal n.

What is the OIAN for Gluteus maximus?

O = Sacrum, coccyx, posterior gluteal line, sarcospinalis tendon, sacrotuberous ligament

I = Gluteal tuberosity of femur

A = External & Laterally rotate hip

N = Inferior gluteal n.

What are the 3 muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?

1) Tibialis anterior

2) Extensor digitorum longus

3) Extensor hallucis longus

What is the common nerve supply and blood supply for the anterior compartment of leg?

Deep peroneal (Anterior tibial)

Anterior tibial a.

What is the OIA for Tibialis anterior?

O = Tibia

I = medial cuneiform

A = Dorsiflexion, internal rotation

What is the OIA for Extensor digitorum longus?

O = Tibia

I = distal lateral 4 toes

A = Dorsiflexion, internally rotates & Dorsiflex/evert foot

What is the OIA for Extensor hallucis longus?

O = Fibula

I = distal great toe

A = Extend big toe

What are the 4 muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

1) Gastrocnemius (2)

2) Soleus

3) Popliteus

4) Plantaris

What is the common nerve and blood supply for the posterior compartment of the leg?

Tibial n.

Posterior tibial a.

What is the OIA for the Gastrocnemius (2)?

O = Medial condyle & lateral condyle

I = calcaneus

A = Plantar flex foot; Flex knee

What is the OIA for the Soleus?

O = Fibula-tibia

I = calcaneus

A = Plantar flexes foot

What is the OIA for Popliteus?

O = Lateral condyle femur

I = Tibia

A = Flexes & rotates leg medially to unlock knee from full extension

What is the OIA for Plantaris?

O = Lateral femur

I = calcaneus

A = Plantar flex foot

What are the 2 muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?

1) Peroneus (fibularis) longus

2) Peroneus (fibularis) brevis

What is the common nerve & blood supply for the lateral compartment of the leg?

Superficial PERONEAL (fibular) n.

Anterior tibial & peroneal a.

What are the OIA for the Peroneus longus and A for Peroneus brevis?

O = Lateral tibia & fibula

I = medial cuneiform & base of 1st metatarsal

A = Plantar flexion foot & Evert foot (longus & brevis)

What is the thumb action that is affected by the radial nerve?

Extension

What are the two cells of the embryonic mesoderm? Which makes up smooth/cardiac muscle and which makes up skeletal muscle?

Myoblasts = smooth/cardiac muscle

Mesodermal (blocks; somites) = skeletal muscle

What is the structure/histology of skeletal muscle? (2)

Striated & Multinucleated

What is the structure/histology of cardiac muscle? (2)

Striated & Uninucleated at intercalated discs

What is the structure/histology of smooth muscle? (2)

Spindle shaped with Central nuclei

What is the prime mover? Supporting mover? Opposite mover?

Agonistic

Synergistic

Antagonistic

What is the primary hip abductor?

Glut medius

At what month does the internal organs begin to form?

2nd month

Efferent cranial nerves develop what?

Basal plate

The thymus gland develops from what?

3rd pharyngeal puch

The pharyngeal tonsil develops from what?

2nd pharyngeal pouch

What are the 3 functional class joints?

1) Synarthrosis

2) Amphiarthrosis

3) Diarthrosis

SAD

Which functional class joint is immoveable (no movement)?

Synarthrosis

Which type of Synarthrosis joint include parietal bones of the skull and hard palate?

Sutures

Which type of Synarthrosis joint includes teeth and styloid process in temporal bone?

Gomphoses

Which type of Synarthrosis joint includes the epiphyseal plates?

Synchondroses

Which functional class joint is slightly moveable?

Amphiarthrosis

What type of Amphiarthrosis is between shafts of distal ulna & radius or the distal articulation of the tibia & fibula?

Syndesmoses

What type of Amphiarthrosis is between the pubis symphysis and IVD's and is made up of Fibrocartilage?

Symphysis

Which functional class joint is a synovial joint that is freely moveable?

Diarthosis

What type of Diarthrosis includes ginglymus, knee, elbow, phalanges, and TMJ?

Hinge

What type of Diarthrosis includes atlas & axis, and proximal radioulnar?

Pivot (Trochoid)

What type of Diarthrosis is between carpals & tarsals, sternoclavicular, and costovertebral joints?

Gliding

What type of Diarthrosis is seen in the SELLA and thumb?

Saddle

What type of Diarthrosis is seen with the condyloid, radiocarpal, and atlanto-occipital?

Ellipsoid