BIO 25 ANATOMY AND Physiology

Anatomy

Studies the form and structure of the body

Physiology

Examines how the body functions

Scientific Method

Refers the a systematic and rigorous process by which scientists examine through observations, develop a hypothesis for explaining phenomenon, experiment, test hypothesis by collecting data and determine if the date supports the hypothesis

Microscopic anatomy

deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

Cytology

Is the study of body cells and their internal structure

Histology

Is the study of tissues

Macroscopic anatomy

The study of structures that can be seen without magnification

Systemic anatomy

Studies anatomy of each body system

Regional anatomy

Examines the structures in a body region

Surface anatomy

Focuses on superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures

Comparative anatomy

Examines anatomical similarities and differences in difffrent species

Embryology

Studies developmental changes from the conception to birth

Pathological anatomy

Examines macroscopic and microscopic anatomic changes resulting from disease

Radiographic anatomy

Investigates internal structures visualized by scanning procedures

Physiologists

Examine the function of body structures, focusing on three molecular and cellular level

Cardiovascular physiology

Examines functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood

Neurophysiology

Studies functioning of nerves and nervous system organs

respiratory physiology

Explorers functioning of respiratory organs

Reproductive physiology

Investigates functioning of reproductive hormones and the reproductive cycle

Pathophysiolgy

Focuses on the function of a body system during disease or injury to the system

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions that occurs within the body

Anabolism

Small molecules joined to form larger ones

Catabolism

Large molecules broken down into smaller ones

Responsiveness

Ability to sense and react stimuli

Regulation

ability to adjust internal bodily function to accommodate environment changes

HOMEOSTASIS

Ability to maintain body structure and function

Reproductive

Produce new cells for growth, maintenance and repair

How many organ systems are in the human body?

11 organ systems

11 organ systems in the human body

1. Integumentary system

2. Skeletal system

3. Muscular system

4. Nervous system

5. Endocrine system

6. Cardiovascular system

7. Lymphatic system

8. Respiratory system

9. Urinary system

10. Digestive system

11. Male and female reproductive Systems

Anatomic position

Common reference position

Characteristic of anatomic position

-Upright stance

-feet parallel and flat on the floor

-upper limbs at the sides of the body

-palms face anteriorly (toward the front)

-head is level

-eyed look forward

Section and planes

Slices" of body called sections or planes

Section

actual cut or slice that exposes internal anatomy

Plane

imaginary flat surface passing through body

Transverse( or cross-sectional) plane

( or cross-sectional) plane

Inferior

Bottom parts

Superior

Top parts

Coronal

Frontal plane

Horizontal plane

dividing the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) parts

Vertical plane

Dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts

Anterior

Front of body

Posterior

Back of body

midsagittal plane

(Or median) Vertical plane divides the body into equal right and left sides

Sagittal plane

Parallel to midsagittal, but left or right of midsagittal; divides structure into unequal portions

Oblique plane

Passes through structure at an angle

anatomical position

In the position specific directional terms are used to describe relative positions

Anatomic positions

Anterior/posterior; dorsal/ventral; proximal/distal

How many regions is the human body partitioned into

Two main regions

Axel region

Head,neck and trunk which forms the main vertical axis of the body

Appendicular

Upper and lower limbs

Internal organs are

Housed with enclosed spaces or cavities

Body cavities are named

According to surrounding structures

Body cavities are grouped into a

Posterior aspect, ventral cavity

Posterior aspect subdivided into

Cranial cavity (endocranium), Vertebral canal

Cranial cavity (endocranium)

Is formed by the bones of the cranium , houses the brain

Vertebral canal

Is formed by the bones of the vertebral column, houses the spinal cord

Ventral cavity

Larger than posterior cavity, anteriorly place in the body, does not completely encase organs in bone

Ventral cavity are partitioned by thoracic diaphragm into

Superior cavity, inferior abdominopelvic cavity

Two layers of serous membranes

Parietal layer, visceral layer

Parietal layer

Lines internal surface of body wall

Visceral layer

Covers external surface of organs (Viscera)

Serous cavity

Space between membranes

Serous fluid

Liquid secreted by cells in serous membrane, acts as a lubricant, reduces friction caused by movement of organs against body wall

mediastinium

Contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart

Pericardium

Two layered serous membrane

Parietal pericardium

Outer layer which forms the sac around the heart

Visceral pericardium

Forms the hearts external surface

Pericardial cavity

Space between parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid

Parietal pleura

Outer layer lines internal surface of thorcic wall

Visceral pleura

Inner layer covers external surface of lungs

Pleural cavity

Space between parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid

The spaces and structures within abdominopelvic cavity

Abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity

Abdominal cavity

Superior area, contains most of the digestive system organs, kidneys, and most the ureters

Pelvic cavity

Inferior between hip bones, contains distal part of large intestine, remainder of ureters and urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs

Abdominopelvic cavity is partitioned into

Nine compartments; Umbilical region

• Middle region, named for the umbilicus (navel) that lies in its center

• Right iliac region

• Hypogastric region

• left iliac region

• Epigastric region

• Superior to umbilical

• Inferior to umbilical

Right and left

Hypochondriac regions

• inferior to costal cartilages and lateral to epigastric

• Right and left lumbar regions

• Lateral to umbilical

• Right and left iliac regions

• Lateral to hypogastric

Abdominopelvic cavity can also be divided into four compartments with transverse and midsagittal planes through the umbilicus

Right and left upper quadrant

• Right and lower quadrant

Homeostasis

Keeping internal conditions stable, the ability of an organism to maintain consistent internal environment in response to changing internal or external conditions

There are 3 components of homeostatic systems

Receptor, control center, effector

Receptor

Detects changes in variable, stimulus for example change in temperature sensed by skin

Control center

Interprets input from receptor and initiates changes through effector

Effector

Is the structure that brings about changes to alter the stimulus

Homeostatic systems regulated by negative feedback

Controls most processes in the body, variable fluctuates within a normal range around a set point, resulting action is in the opposite direction of the stimulus

Homeopathic systems regulated by positive feedback

Occurs much less frequently than negative feedback, stimulus to continue moving variable in same direction until a climatic event occurs, then body returns to homeostasis, examples breast feeding, blood clotting, labor

Normal body temperature

98.6 F

Normal blood glucose

80-120 mg/dL

Normal blood pressure

90 to 120/60 mm Hg

Diabetes

Is an example of homeostatic imbalance , occurs when homeostatic mechanisms for regulating blood glucose are not functioning normally

Developing a diagnosis in clinical view use of scientific method

Examine patient and gather data, patiently health history, complaints, vital signs, weight , blood pressure

Drugs may affect

Normal homeostatic control mechanisms

Patients with depression may have

Lower levels of serotonin in their brains

SSRI drugs

Block reuptake of serotonin into nerve cells in brain, thus prolonging its effects; SSRIs helps elevate mood of patients with depression

Side effects of SSRIs is due to