Genetics Final

Which is an example(s) of pre-zygotic reproductive isolation? 

differences in habitat, gametes are not compatible

Cytochrome c is a respiratory pigment found in the mitochondria of eukaryotes. Compared with many other proteins, it has changed very slowly over long periods of time. Why?

It serves a major function; therefore any changes in amnio acids are strongly selected against

When active, E2F binds to the DNA and stimulates transcription of genes. E2F is a...

transcription factor

regulatory network for RB tumor suppressor gene

RB—l E2F —→ replication

p53 is a tumor suppressor gene. For a mutation in this gene to lead to cancer, you need

both copies of p53

Tumor suppressor mutations are typically.. (recessive or dominant)

recessive acting

Oncogene mutations are typically...(dominant/ recessive)

dominant

Inherited mutations that increase your likelihood for developing cancer are typically mutations in...

tumor supressor genes

enviromental factors

smoking, drinking, nutrition, physical activity

During PCR, which of the following represents the correct order of events in a single cycle?

denaturing, annealing, and extending

Prezygotic reproductive isolation mechanisms include:

temporal isolation, ecological isolation, mechanical isolation, behavioral isolation

Xeroderma pigmentosum is due to a defective gene involved in

nucleotide excision repair

Classify the gene below as either a tumor suppressor gene or an oncogene.

c-myc is a (an)

oncogene

Which gene acts like a "fork in the road" in determining whether a cell is repaired or programmed for cell death?

p53

Comparing sequences between genes and between species allows evaluation of the rates of change.  Which of the following have been observed:

introns have a higher mutation rate than exons.

Classify the gene below as either a tumor suppressor gene or an oncogene.

BRCA1 is a (an

tumor supresor gene

Which gene has been implicated in Burkitt's Lymphoma?

c-MYC

Retinoblastoma is due to a defective

tumor supressor gene

Evolution within a single lineage is known as

anagenesis

Classify the gene below as either a tumor suppressor gene or an oncogene.

The gene p53 is a (an

tumor supressor gene

Classify the gene below as either a tumor suppressor gene or an oncogene.

The RB gene is a(n)

tumor supressor gene

Classify the gene below as either a tumor suppressor gene or an oncogene.

BRCA2 is a (an)

tumor supressor gene

In a Southern blot...

DNA is transferred from a gel to a nylon and hybridized to a DNA probe

The part of a bacterial cloning vector that contains many restriction enzyme recognition sequences is called a...

multiple cloning site

The process of separating DNA fragments based on their migration in an electrical current is called...

Electrophoresis

During electrophoresis, small pieces of DNA move...

faster than large pieces

The process of putting a recombinant DNA molecule into a cell is called...

transformation

A ddNTP is often used in the Sanger sequencing process. Compared to the normal DNA precursors, ddNTPs lack a(n)___ at the ___ carbon.

lack an OH at the 3' Carbon

Gene frequency

allele frequency in a population

Population

local group of species in which mating can occur

Hardy Weinberg law

the allele and genotypic frequencies will arrive at and remain at equilibrium frequencies after one generation of random mating if all assumptions are met; infinitely large pop, random mating, no selection, no migration, no mutation

Hardy Weinberg equilibrium

p² + 2pq + q²

fitness

the ability to survive and reproduce

Directional selection

favors one of the extremes over another, either dominant or recessive homozygous is favored; overtime everyone in the pop will be homozygous

Disruptive selection

there is an advantage to both of the extremes; heterozygous is least favored

Stabilizing selection

the heterozygous is favored, both alleles remain in the population, overtime everyone in pop will be heterozygous

Genetic drift

random loss and fixation of alleles; there aren’t enough individuals in the population to keep the normal allele frequency; leads to a loss or random fixation of alleles

Founder population

there is a small population that colonizes “migrates” to a new area; the allele frequencies don’t match the original population

Inbreeding

mating between relatives, impacts genotype

Assortative mating

mating based on phenotype

positive assortative mating

mating of individuals who share similar phenotype this leads to more homozygotes

negative assortative mating

“opposites attract” keeps diversity in population and leads to more heterozygotes