Genetics Final

Which is an example(s) of pre-zygotic reproductive isolation? 

differences in habitat, gametes are not compatible

Cytochrome c is a respiratory pigment found in the mitochondria of eukaryotes. Compared with many other proteins, it has changed very slowly over long periods of time. Why?

It serves a major function; therefore any changes in amnio acids are strongly selected against

When active, E2F binds to the DNA and stimulates transcription of genes. E2F is a...

transcription factor

regulatory network for RB tumor suppressor gene

RB—l E2F —→ replication

p53 is a tumor suppressor gene. For a mutation in this gene to lead to cancer, you need

both copies of p53

Tumor suppressor mutations are typically.. (recessive or dominant)

recessive acting

Oncogene mutations are typically...(dominant/ recessive)

dominant

Inherited mutations that increase your likelihood for developing cancer are typically mutations in...

tumor supressor genes

enviromental factors

smoking, drinking, nutrition, physical activity

During PCR, which of the following represents the correct order of events in a single cycle?

denaturing, annealing, and extending

Prezygotic reproductive isolation mechanisms include:

temporal isolation, ecological isolation, mechanical isolation, behavioral isolation

Xeroderma pigmentosum is due to a defective gene involved in

nucleotide excision repair

Classify the gene below as either a tumor suppressor gene or an oncogene.

c-myc is a (an)

oncogene

Which gene acts like a "fork in the road" in determining whether a cell is repaired or programmed for cell death?

p53

Comparing sequences between genes and between species allows evaluation of the rates of change.  Which of the following have been observed:

introns have a higher mutation rate than exons.

Classify the gene below as either a tumor suppressor gene or an oncogene.

BRCA1 is a (an

tumor supresor gene

Which gene has been implicated in Burkitt's Lymphoma?

c-MYC

Retinoblastoma is due to a defective

tumor supressor gene

Evolution within a single lineage is known as

anagenesis

Classify the gene below as either a tumor suppressor gene or an oncogene.

The gene p53 is a (an

tumor supressor gene

Classify the gene below as either a tumor suppressor gene or an oncogene.

The RB gene is a(n)

tumor supressor gene

Classify the gene below as either a tumor suppressor gene or an oncogene.

BRCA2 is a (an)

tumor supressor gene

In a Southern blot...

DNA is transferred from a gel to a nylon and hybridized to a DNA probe

The part of a bacterial cloning vector that contains many restriction enzyme recognition sequences is called a...

multiple cloning site

The process of separating DNA fragments based on their migration in an electrical current is called...

Electrophoresis

During electrophoresis, small pieces of DNA move...

faster than large pieces

The process of putting a recombinant DNA molecule into a cell is called...

transformation

A ddNTP is often used in the Sanger sequencing process. Compared to the normal DNA precursors, ddNTPs lack a(n)___ at the ___ carbon.

lack an OH at the 3' Carbon

Gene frequency

allele frequency in a population

Population

local group of species in which mating can occur

Hardy Weinberg law

the allele and genotypic frequencies will arrive at and remain at equilibrium frequencies after one generation of random mating if all assumptions are met; infinitely large pop, random mating, no selection, no migration, no mutation

Hardy Weinberg equilibrium

p² + 2pq + q²

fitness

the ability to survive and reproduce

Directional selection

favors one of the extremes over another, either dominant or recessive homozygous is favored; overtime everyone in the pop will be homozygous

Disruptive selection

there is an advantage to both of the extremes; heterozygous is least favored

Stabilizing selection

the heterozygous is favored, both alleles remain in the population, overtime everyone in pop will be heterozygous

Genetic drift

random loss and fixation of alleles; there aren’t enough individuals in the population to keep the normal allele frequency; leads to a loss or random fixation of alleles

Founder population

there is a small population that colonizes “migrates” to a new area; the allele frequencies don’t match the original population

Inbreeding

mating between relatives, impacts genotype

Assortative mating

mating based on phenotype

positive assortative mating

mating of individuals who share similar phenotype this leads to more homozygotes

negative assortative mating

“opposites attract” keeps diversity in population and leads to more heterozygotes

What is DNA ligase used in

recombinant DNA, replication, and DNA repair

What binds to the promoter?

RNA polymerase

What type of blot should the researchers use to determine if the DNA construct they created is inserted into the rice genome?

southern blot

During gel electrophoresis, DNA migrates to the __________ pole with __________ fragments

positive; smallest

CRISPR mediates cleave of...

DNA

siRNAs used to target which of the following molecules for degradation?

mRNA

Transgene

introducing a new gene; restore the wild type gene to restore normal phenotype

Genome Editing

using CRISPR to revert a defective copy into a wild type copy

Will the changes with gene therapy be heritable?

No, if they are editing somatic cells the edits will not be heritable

What does map based sequencing rely on?

relies on detailed genetic and physical maps to align sequence fragments

Whole genome Shotgun approach

chop up DNA into small pieces then use computer algorithms to assemble the sequences

For a given region of your autosomal genome, you have to potential for up to two different haplotypes. One that you inherited from your father, and one that you inherited from your mother.(T/F)

True

Does inbreeding increase or decrease chance of being homozygous?

Increase

What is the inbreeding coefficient?

F; when F=0 there is no inbreeding when F=1 it is self fertilization

genotypic array of inbreeding

(p² + Fpq) + 2(1-F)pq + (q² + Fpq)

Inbreeding alters___ frequencies but does not alter____ frequencies

genotypic; allele

What increase genetic variation within a population?

mutation, migration, natural selection

What decreases genetic variation within a population?

genetic drift, natural selection

What increase genetic variation between populations?

mutation, genetic drift, natural selection

what decrease genetic variation between populations?

migration and natural selection

what is the 2 step process of evolution?

1) have genetic variation arise from mutation or recombination

2) alleles either increase or decrease in frequency in the free pool

Neutralist theory

many mutations are neutral and do not affect anything, causing polymorphisms to be maintained in population

Selectionist theory

polymorphisms are maintained in population due to selection; heterozygous=beneficial

Allopatric Speciation

there is a geographic barrier that initiates speciation by physically blocking the gene flow between populations

Sympatric speciation

arise within a interbreeding population in this case there is no physical barrier but behavioral block preventing gene flow

Anagenesis

there is evolution happening within a lineage over time, always occurring, happening along branch

Cladogenesis

there is a splitting occurring of one lineage into 2 happening on the nodes of the branch

Homologs are related species whereas____ are homologous sequences found in same species and ____ are homologous sequences found in different species

paralogs; orthologs

What occurs at the G1/S checkpoint normally?

assess the level of damage and the cell size

what happens at the G2/M checkpoint normally?

passes the cycle until replication and DNA repair are complete

What happens at the M checkpoint normally?

the proper spindle formation and attachment to move chromosomes to proper daughter cells

What occurs when the cell avoids some of these checkpoints?

the cell will go through the cell cycle when it is not supposed to and lead to an accumulation of mutations because there is no repair happening

What makes metastatic cancer so detrimental?

the cancer cells are able to spread to other tissue via the circulatory system

What do tump suppressor cells do normally?

they prevent the bad cells from dividing

what do proto-oncogenes do?

they allow the good cells to divide; when it is defective it is called the oncogene

Tumor cells often have____telomerase expression

abnormal

Additive effects

every time you add one dominant allele you get an increase in the trait

Complete dominance

if there is at least one dominant allele you have the dominant trait

Partial dominance

there is not an equal distance between the heterozygous and the two homozygous genotypes

Pleiotropy

the gene affects multiple traits