PSYCH 1 FINAL - UCSC

drive theory

when physiological needs arouse tension, people are motivated to fulfill the need (ex: i'm hungry --> i'm tense --> i will fill the need by eating)

arousal theory

when people are motivated to obtain optimal arousal (ex: i am tired --> i will drink coffee; i am too anxious --> i will get a massage)

incentive theory

when people motivated to do something because of a reward (ex: i am motivated to do well on this final because i want an A)

yerkes-dodson law and what motivation theory is it associated with?

medium arousal = optimal! jus right

*associated w/ arousal theory

extrinsic motivation & example

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment, ex: you're trying hard in a class for the sake of getting an A

intrinsic motivation & example

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake, ex: you're trying hard in a class bc you genuinely enjoy it

Julian Rotter's social learning theory

the probability that you will engage in a given behavior is determined by your expectation of attaining a goal; discrepancies between your expectations and values can lead to corrective behavior (expectation of a good outcome = more motivation to do it)

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

physiological needs: food, water, air, sex, sleep

safety needs: security in health, family, shelter, resources

loving/belongingness needs: friendship, family, intimacy, social interaction, affection

esteem needs: respect for yourself/others, positive perception of yourself

self-actualization: fulfilling goals unique to yourself and knowing what's good for you/living up to your potential

need for affiliation

desire to establish and maintain social contacts & good relationships w ppl

need for intimacy

desire for close relationships characterized by open and intimate communications

need for affiliation example

social rejection and pain, exclusion from a group, lack of social belonging

need for intimacy example

self disclosure, sharing of intimate details with another person through trust; gender differences study found that women self disclose more than men on average

Eisenberger's study (2003)

people were told to play a computer game in a group and at some point someone was randomly chosen to get kicked out of the game, experienced social rejection --> found that emotional pain brain activity resembled the same one as physical pain

Kross's study (2010)

people who jus went through a breakup were told to bring a pic of their ex, they were shown a bunch of neutral pictures (like of a bunny) and then amongst the neutrality had to react to the pic of their ex --> found that emotional pain brain activity resembled the same one as physical pain

self-disclosure & its properties

the sharing of intimate details about oneself to another person

properties: reciprocity (expectation of reciprocation from the person you're disclosing to), gender diffs (women tend to disclose more than men on avg), revelation (people reveal more over time as relationship strengthens, trust is built)

DePaulo and Kashy (1998) & what property does it relate to?

researched to whom ppl lie the most, found that they mostly lie to strangers because strangers wouldn't be able to prove anything

relates to property of revelation bc trust must be built and there was no trust when ppl lied to strangers

need for achievement

desire to accomplish problems, excel, outperform others

performance orientation

a learning orientation characterized by a focus on presenting oneself well and appearing intelligent to others

mastery orientation

a learning orientation characterized by a focus on gaining new knowledge or abilities and improving

need for power

the extent to which an individual desires to control or influence others

Japanese/Canadian students research study

both cultures were given a test and by random, no matter how well they actually did, were either told that they passed or failed; for Canadians, if they did well, they studied more during the break and if they didn't do well they didn't study more; for Japanese, if they did well, they studied less during the break and if they didn't do well they studied more

optimistic attributional style

sees failure as the result of external causes and of events that are unstable or modifiable and specific

pessimistic attributional style

focuses on the causes of failure as internally generated; situation and individual's role in causing it are seen as stable and global

what effect do tangible rewards have on intrinsic motivation?

can cause intrinsic motivation to decrease the more tangible rewards are offered; can undermine them

attachment

an enduring emotional bond between infant and primary caregiver(s)

Behavioral milestones that precede attachment

1) emergence of social smiling: signals a new quality of emotional sharing b/w infant and caregiver; restricted face-to-face interactions

2) separation protest: infants begin to exhibit behavioral expressions of distress when their primary caregiver leaves (before attachment actually begins, infants show little distress when parents leave)

3) stranger anxiety: infants exhibit anxiety or fear toward unfamiliar adults; before attachment emerges infants don't show much distress towards strangers

describe harlow's experiment

took freshly born monkeys and assigned them to be removed from care of their mamas, they were kept in cages by themselves instead, in these cages there were fake "substitute monkeys" which were just a wire "monkey" giving biological needs and a cloth monkey, baby monkey preferred to spend time with cloth monkey!

contradiction of harlow's experiment

showed that contrary to the previous belief that animals prioritize biological needs over physical contact, the opposite is actually true (monkeys wanted to spend more time with cloth monkey rather than the one that gave them food and agua)

aftermath of harlow's experiment

monkeys who later had offspring completely neglected their children/acted aggressive towards them/even killed them bc they didn't experience emotional contact when they were little themselves

Bowlby's definition of an internal working model

a mental model that children construct based on their experiences with their caregivers that guides their interactions with their caregivers and in other interpersonal relationships

who created the strange situation paradigm?

Mary Ainsworth

strange situation paradigm

a parent and infant separation and reunion exercise that is used to test the security of an infant's attachment to its caregiver

secure attachment

during separation, infant may become distressed, protest, and would not be able to be consoled easily; during reunion, infant seeks contact with caregiver and is instantly soothed

insecure avoidant attachment

during separation, there is minimal reaction (but if infant does get upset, the stranger is willing to comfort them); during reunion, infant avoids proximity to caregiver

insecure resistant (anxious-ambivalent) attachment

during separation, infant becomes highly distressed; during reunion, both seeks and rejects proximity, hard to soothe, is ambivalent

insecure disorganized attachment

during separation, infant behaves oddly, lacks coherence, organized method for dealing w stress; during reunion, distorted attempts at proximity seeking

secure attachment social/emotional development patterns

competent with peers, socially skilled, self-confident, autonomous, good friendships

insecure avoidant attachment social/emotional development patterns

lacking empathy and negative with peers, insensitive, prefers solitude, low in social support

insecure resistant attachment social/emotional development patterns

passive, immature, easily victimized by peers, anxious, distressed, poor self concept

insecure disorganized attachment social/emotional development patterns

aggressive, oppositional, externalizing problems, personality disorganziation

factors that may affect attachment?

parental responsiveness (consistently responsive parents to infant's emotional needs), temperament (infant's temperament can have an effect on parental responsiveness), culture, daycare

authoritative parenting style

parents make appropriate demands onto their children but are also responsive to their children, keep channels of communication open

authoritarian parenting style

parents apply discipline with little attention to the child's autonomy

indulgent parenting style

parents are responsive but fail to help children learn about the structure of social rules in which they must live

neglecting parenting style

parents neither apply discipline nor are they responsive to their child's individuality

James-Lange theory of emotion

states that emotions stem from the physiological arousal that is triggered by an emotion-eliciting stimulus

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

states that an emotion-eliciting stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological arousal and the experience of emotion (parallel processes)

modern biopsychological view

states that perception, psychological reactions, and emotional experience (feelings) are mutually influential

sympathetic nervous system

fight or flight response, how you respond to threats, mildly unpleasant stimuli

parasympathetic nervous system

mildly pleasant stimuli, the more pleasant it is the more the heartbeat decreases (kim's example: if someone gives you a big hug you may be into it or not)

2 primary functions of the expressive component of emotion

non-verbal communication signals to others how we feel, sensory feedback signals to ourselves how we feel

cultural display of emotions and how they may constrain emotional expression

diff cultures have diff standards for how emotion should be managed, some forms of emotion are culturally unique, cultures establish social rules for when people may show certain emotions & for the social appropriateness of of certain types of emotional displays by given types of people in particular settings

6 most universally recognizable emotions

anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise

most recognizable emotion

happiness!! :)

how should one interpret emotional expression via eye contact or gaze?

interpreted in light of pre-existing relationship: you're either gonna fight or frick

gender diffs in people's ability to recognize emotion via touch

when women communicated anger to men, the men didn't recognize right away; when men communicated compassion, the women didn't recognize right away

Lazarus's cognitive appraisal approach

environmental event occurs -> person determines whether or not event is a threat to oneself (primary appraisal), if event is a threat -> person selects a potential response to threat (secondary appraisal), then executes the response (coping)

stress moderator variables

influence primary and secondary appraisals (i.e. fatigue, intoxication, personality)

3 major life stressors

catastrophes/traumatic events (natural disasters, abuse, combat), major life events (death, marriage, divorce, graduation), microstressors (nervous about test, about going to a party alone, etc)

which life stressor is most predictive of how an individual would cope w depression/anxiety?

microstressors

problem-focused coping

reducing stress by changing events that cause stress or by changing how we react to stress

emotion-focused coping

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction

adaptive coping strategy

successful in reducing negative emotions; do not have long-term costs

maladaptive coping strategy

unsuccessful in reducing negative emotions, associated w long-term costs that outweigh benefit of short-term reduction of negative emotions

situation selection

an example of problem-focused coping, to approach or avoid certain situations

situation modification

an example of problem-focused coping, to directly modify the situation so as to alter its emotional impact

positive reappraisal & example

create a positive meaning for the event (in terms of personal growth), considered adaptive (ex: moving away to college and seeing it as meaningful and positive)

rumination & example

compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes (ex: being hung up over an ex and thinking about them over and over)

stone age & psychopathology

psychopathology was viewed as the work of the evil spirits, people practiced exorcisms and trephination (cutting holes inside ppl's skulls) to "rid them" or evil spirits

ancient egypt & psychopathology

aches/pains, sadness, apathy, and toothache were believed to be caused by the "wandering uterus"

greeks/romans & psychopathology

classified "wandering uterus" as hysteria, treatment was to ingest strong-smelling uterus to drive uterus into place

middle ages & psychopathology

witchcraft/demonic possession/animal possession took place in the mentally ill, beliefs in lycanthropy (turning into a wolf) and tarantism (belief that wolf bite caused illness)

rennaisance & psychopathology

rise of asylums, hospitals and monasteries were transformed into them, institutions whose purpose was to take care of mentally ill, were overcrowded, filthy, bad conditions, patients treated cruelly

early 20th century & psychopathology

emergence of modern science, somatogenic (abnormal behavior is bc of medial condition) and psychogenic (abnormal behavior is bc of ppl's psychology) approaches, most med treatments were inefficient and crude

current trends in mental health care

psychotropic medication (depression/anxiety/anything else meds) allows patients to leave hospitals, private psychotherpay

major paradigms to psychopathology

medical, behavioral, cognitive, sociocultural

eclectic approach in psychopathology

says that abnormality results from interaction of genetic, biological, developmental, emotional, behavioral, cognitive, social, and cultural influences

diathesis-stress view of psychopathology

suggests that although there is a vulnerability, it's gonna manifest if you're exposed to a high level of stress

biological vulnerability x stressor = psychopathology

phobias definition

persistent and unreasonable fears of particular objects, activities, or situations; immediate anxiety if one is exposed to their fear, recognition that fear is unreasonable, phobic ppl often avoid object/thoughts abt it

specific phobia types

animal phobias (spiders, rats, dogs), natural enviro phobias (storms, heights, water), situational phobias (public transportation, flying, elevators), blood-injection/injury phobias (seeing injections, receiving em, seeing your own blood/others'), other (choking, vomiting, space, loud noises)

social anxiety disorder (social phobia)

marked fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual is exposed to possible scrutiny by others

agoraphobia

marked fear/anxiety abt TWO OR MORE of following: public transportation, open spaces, enclosed spaces, being in crowds, being outside of home alone; scared due to lack of escape options

panic disorders

Recurrent unexpected panic attacks (racing heart, trembling, etc.; worrying abt additional panic attacks, significant maladpative change in behavior bc of attacks)

generalized anxiety disorder

excessive anxiety and worry abt a number of events/activities (hard to control the worry, restless, fatigued, unfocused, irritable)

anxiety disorder treatments

cognitive behavioral therapy, cognitive therapy, group therapy, biofeedback, meds

key features of major depressive disorder

depressed mood/anhedonia (inability to find pleasure in shit you found pleasure in before), anxious distress, catatonic, psychotic features, seasonal, peripartum onset

3 major phases of schizophrenia

prodormal (beginning of deterioration, mild symptoms), active (symptoms become increasingly apparent), residual (return to prodormal levels)

4 positive symptoms of schizophrenia

(addition of) delusions, disordered thinking and speech, hallucinations, inappropriate affect

delusions (in schizophrenia) definition

faulty interpretations of reality, delusions of persecution (person thinks that they are being mistreated), grandeur (p thinks they're of more power), reference (p interprets events as being more significant), and control (p thinks they are being commanded to do harm)

disordered thinking and speech (in schizophrenia) definition

loose associations, neologisms (made up words), perseverations (p repeats shit millions of times), rhyme everything they hear

hallucinations (in schizophrenia) definition

faulty sensory perceptions, can be visual, auditory (MOST COMMON, means p is hearing voices), tactile, gustatory

inappropriate affect (in schizophrenia) definition

emotions that are unsuited to the situation

4 negative symptoms of schizophrenia

(absence of stuff) poverty speech/alogia, blunted/flat effect, avolition, social withdrawal

poverty of speech (alogia)

person stopped talking/doesn't make any sense if they do talk

blunted and flat effect

lack of expressions of emotion

avolition

person doesn't move

social withdrawal

person removes themselves from social environment

type 1 schizophrenia

mostly positive symptoms, easier to treat bc patient is more obviously responsive

type 2 schizophrenia

mostly negative symptoms, harder to treat bc you can't tell if patient is responding well

most common type of hallucination?

auditory (hearing shit)