Hypnosis in Sports Performance and Rehabilitation

Hypnosis

Procedure involving focused attention and relaxation.

Franz Mesmer

Pioneer of hypnosis in the 1770s.

James Braid

Coined the term 'hypnosis' in 1840.

Clark Hull

Conducted first systematic hypnosis research in 1930s.

Hypnotizability

Measurable susceptibility to hypnosis effects.

Stanford Scale

Measures hypnotizability with a score up to 70.

Harvard Scale

Another method to assess hypnotizability.

Post-hypnotic amnesia

Inability to recall events after hypnosis.

Post-hypnotic suggestions

Instructions given during hypnosis affecting future behavior.

Illusions

Altered perception of reality during hypnosis.

Hallucinations

Perception without external stimuli during hypnosis.

Anxiety reduction

Moderate effect size (0.79) in reducing anxiety.

Medical procedures

Hypnosis aids in anesthesia and recovery post-surgery.

Pain relief

Strong evidence supporting hypnosis for pain management.

Effect size

Quantitative measure of hypnosis effectiveness.

Meta-analysis

Statistical analysis combining results from multiple studies.

Complementary medicine

Hypnosis categorized under alternative health practices.

Role playing

Hypothesis for why hypnosis may work.

Special state

Hypothesis suggesting hypnosis induces a unique mental state.

Kosslyn study

PET scan research on brain activity during hypnosis.

Cyna et al. study

Research on hypnosis in pregnancy and anesthesia.

Palsson et al. study

Investigated hypnosis effectiveness in clinical settings.

Honda et al. study

Survey on complementary medicine usage in the US.

Left Fusiform Cortex

Region involved in color perception.

Hypnosis

Altered state of consciousness affecting perception.

Cerebral Blood Flow

Blood flow changes during hypnosis affecting perception.

Higher-Order Cognition

Complex mental processes influenced by hypnosis.

Pain Perception

Hypnosis can reduce pain sensitivity.

Anxiety Reduction

Hypnosis helps alleviate anxiety symptoms.

Imagery Ability

Enhanced visualization skills through hypnosis.

Self-Confidence

Increased belief in one's abilities via hypnosis.

Exercise Motivation

Hypnosis boosts motivation for physical activity.

Physiological Responses

Hypnosis alters body's reactions to exercise.

Autogenic Training (AT)

Self-hypnosis technique focusing on relaxation.

Parkinson's Disease (PD)

Neurological disorder affecting movement and coordination.

RCT

Randomized Controlled Trial for research validity.

Physical Therapy (PT)

Rehabilitation method improving movement and function.

Tremor Reduction

Hypnosis may decrease tremors in PD patients.

Clinical Improvements

Significant enhancements in movement and rigidity.

Ego Strengthening

Hypnotic suggestion enhancing self-esteem and resilience.

Soccer Skill Performance

Hypnosis improves accuracy in soccer volleys.

Controlled Studies

Research with strict protocols for reliable results.

Chipping and Putting

Golf skills positively affected by hypnosis.

Shooting Accuracy

Improvement in basketball and soccer shooting through hypnosis.

Experimental Evidence

Research supporting hypnosis effects on performance.

A-B-A-B Design

Research method alternating conditions to assess effects.

Hypnosis

A state of focused attention and heightened suggestibility.

Hypnotizability

Individual's susceptibility to hypnosis effects.

Verbal encouragement

Positive reinforcement to enhance performance.

Jump height improvement

0.58 cm increase from verbal encouragement.

Motor cortex activation

Increased brain activity during hypnosis imagery.

Transcranial stimulation

Technique to measure motor cortex activation.

Exercise-induced asthma (EIA)

Asthma triggered by physical activity.

Forced expiratory volume (FEV1)

Measurement of lung function during breathing.

Cortisol

Hormone released in response to stress.

Heart rate increase

Physiological response to hypnosis and suggestion.

Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

Imaging technique to measure brain blood flow.

Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

Brain region activated during increased exercise suggestion.

Insular cortex

Brain area involved in emotional and physiological responses.

Thalamus

Brain region relaying sensory information.

Ergogenic effects

Performance-enhancing effects from hypnosis.

Physiological responses

Body's reactions to hypnosis and exercise suggestions.

Small significant improvement

Consistent minor enhancements in performance metrics.

Hypnosis in sports medicine

Underutilized technique by professionals in sports.

Hypnosis and anxiety reduction

Hypnosis can significantly lower anxiety levels.

Hypnosis for pain management

Effective in providing large pain reductions.

Clear, intense suggestions

More effective for performance improvement in hypnosis.

Beginner performance enhancement

Larger effects of hypnosis for less experienced individuals.

Independent replication

Necessary to confirm hypnosis effectiveness in studies.