It is the study of the structure, function, and behavior of cells.
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Heredity
It is the central definition of life and distinguishes life from other processes.
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Unicellular organisms
They are the simplest organisms with a naked nucleus and are devoid of membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria, chloroplasts, etc. Eg: Amoeba, Bacteria, etc
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Multicellular organisms
They are organisms with a well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria, chloroplast, etc. Eg: Trees, fungi, humans, etc.
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Genome
Totality of its genetic information as embodied in its complete DNA sequence.
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Building block of life
DNA (deoxy ribonucleic acid)
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Guanine binds with Cytosine
Triple hydrogen bonds
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Adenine binds with Thymine
Double hydrogen bonds
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Replication
The DNA replicates itself with the help of mainly the DNA-dependent DNA polymerase enzyme.
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Transcription
The process of copying the genetic material from one strand of the DNA into RNA is termed transcription.
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Translation
It refers to the polymerization of amino acids to form a polypeptide.
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Proteins
Catalyst
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Genetic code
triplets in nature
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Phospholipid bilayer
It is formed of a double layer of lipid molecules sand witched between two layers of protein.
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Smallest organism
Bacterium ***Mycoplasma genitalium***
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Prokaryotes
Primitive, small, and simple
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Eukaryotes
Advanced, and complex
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Cocci
spherical
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Bacilli
rod-shaped
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Spirillum
spiral like
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Vibrio
comma shaped
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Archaebacteria
They are special and survive in some of the harshest habitats.
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Mutations
An error or random accident which occurs during cell divisions.
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Horizontal (intercellular) transfer
A piece of DNA can be transferred from the genome of one cell to that of another—even to that of another species. This process is in contrast with the usual vertical transfer of genetic information from parent to progeny.
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DNA segment shuffling
two or more existing genes can break and rejoin to make a hybrid gene consisting of DNA segments that originally belonged to separate genes.
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Gene duplication
an existing gene can be accidentally duplicated to create a pair of initially identical genes within a single cell; these two genes may then diverge in the course of evolution.
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Intragenic mutation
an existing gene can be randomly modified by changes in its DNA sequence, through various types of errors that occur mainly in the process of DNA replication.
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