Anaphysiology (Lab) - Quiz #1

micron

small

scopos

aim

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

In the 17th century, he used a single lens/ simple microscope to observe tiny organisms in pond water and scrapings from his own teeth

Robert Hooke

an English scientist who discovered the larger organisms had small microscopic subunits that he call boxes or cells

Compound microscope

microscope with a set of lenses. these are more powerful and more complex than those used by van Leeuwenhoek and Hooke.

ocular lens

each lens closest to your eyes is an _____. This magnifies an image by the factor indicated on the barrel.

body tube

it holds the ocular in place.

revolving nosepiece

located at the bottom of the tube, a turret-like circular mechanism that rotates so that different lenses can be selected.

objective lens

each of the lens attached to the revolving nosepiece is called an _____.

scanning objective (4x)
low-power objective (10x)
high dry objective (40x)
high-oil objective (100x)

types of objectives (4)

total magnification

is determined by multiplying the power of the ocular lens by the power of the objective lens in use.

microscope slide

the specimen is usually mounted on a glass or plastic _____ that rests on the stage.

lamp

below the stage is the high-intensity _____.

condenser

a lens that concentrates light, it may be found between the lamp and the stage.

diaphragm

light intensity may also be adjusted by adjusting the ______.

disk diaphragm

is a rotating disk with holes of different diameters.

iris diaphragm

is made of overlapping slivers of metal in a pattern resembling the iris flower.

arm

the entire upper assembly of the microscope is held in an upright position by a bar called the ____.

base

the scope is supported by a square of horseshoe-shaped ____.

pivot

the arm may be connected to the base by a ____, which allows the upper assembly to move into a more comfortable viewing position.

course-focus knobs and fine-focus knobs

are located on the arm, these adjust the distance between the stage and objective lens, thus focusing an image of the specimen.

Skull
Mandible
Hyoid bone
Sternum
Ribs
Vertebral column
Sacrum
Coccyx

Axial Skeleton (8)

Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Carpal bones
Metacarpal bones
Phalanges
Hip bone
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal bones
Metatarsal bones
Phalanges (Foot)

Appendicular Skeleton (16)

Support, Protection, Movement, Storage, Blood cell production

Functions of the Skeletal system

Long bones

bones that are longer than they are wide.

Short bones

bones that are approximately as wide as they are long

Flat bones

bones that are relatively thin, and have a flattened shape

Irregular bones

bones that do not fit readily into the other three categories

Osteoblasts

bone cells that are responsible for the formation and the remodeling of bone

Osteocytes

bone cells that maintain bone matrix and form from osteoblasts

Osteoclasts

bone cells that contribute to bone repair and remodeling by removing existing bone (bone reabsorption)

Foramen

“hole”

Fossa

“depression”

Process

“projection”

Condyle

“smooth, rounded end”

Meatus

“canal like passageway”

Tubercle

“lump of bone”

Axial skeleton

is composed of the skull, vertebral column, and the thoracic cage

braincase

encloses the cranial cavity and consists of 8 bones that surround and protect the brain

Frontal bone

anterior part of the cranium

Parietal bones

sides and roof of cranium

Occipital bones

posterior portion and floor of cranium

Temporal bones

inferior to parietal bones on each side of the cranium

Sphenoid bone

forms part of the cranium floor, lateral posterior portions of eye orbits, lateral portions of cranium anterior to temporal bones

Ethmoid bone

anterior portion of cranium, including medial surface of eye orbit and roof of nasal cavity

Maxillae

form upper jaw, anterior portion of hard palate, part of lateral walls of nasal cavity, floors of eye orbits

Palatine bones

form posterior portion of hard palate, lateral wall of nasal cavity

Zygomatic bones

cheekbones, also form floor and lateral wall of each eye orbit

Lacrimal bones

medial surfaces of eye orbits

Nasal bones

form bridge of nose

Vomer

in midline of nasal cavity, forms nasal septum with the ethmoid bone

Inferior nasal conchae

attached to lateral walls of nasal cavity

Mandible

lower jawbone, only moveable skull bone

Vertebral column or Spine

is the central axis of the skeleton, extending from the base of the skull to slightly past the end of the pelvis and consists of 26 individual bones grouped into five regions

Cervical region

vertebral region that curves anteriorly

Thoracic region

vertebral region that curves posteriorly

Lumbar region

vertebral region that curves anteriorly like the cervical region.

Sacral and coccygeal regions

vertebral regions that together, curve posteriorly

7

number of vertebra in the cervical region

12

number of vertebra in the thoracic region

5

number of vertebra in the lumbar region

Atlas

1st vertebra that holds head

Axis

2nd vertebra that rotates head

Supports body weight
Protects the spinal cord
Allows spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord
Provides a site for muscle attachment
Provides movement of the head and trunk

Functions of vertebral column (5)

Thoracic cage

has 12 pairs of ribs, protects vital organs

Sternum

breastbone

True ribs

includes 7 ribs, attached directly to sternum by cartilage

False ribs

includes 3 ribs, attached indirectly to sternum by cartilage

Floating ribs

includes 2 ribs, not attached to sternum

Scapula

shoulder blade

Clavicle

collarbone

Humerus

upper limb (bone)

Ulna

bigger forearm bone

Radius

smaller forearm bone

Carpals

wrist bones

Metacarpals

bones in the hand

Pelvis

includes the pelvic girdle and coccyx

Ischium

inferior and posterior region in the pelvic girdle

Ilium

most superior region in the pelvic girdle

Acetabulum

hip socket (joint)

Femur

thigh bone

Patella

knee cap

Tibia

large lower leg f

Fibula

small lower leg

Tarsals

ankle

Metatarsals

foot

Phalanges

toes and fingers

Flexion

bending

Extension

straightening

Abduction

movement away from midline

Adduction

movement toward the midline

Pronation

rotation of the forearm with palms down

Supination

rotation of the forearm with palms up

Rotation

movement of a structure about the long axis