BIOL 201 Exam 1 Study Guide - Fill-in-the-Blank Flashcards (Pages 1-5)

A set of fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering key concepts from physiology, chemistry, cell structure, histology, and membranes as outlined in the study guide.

Physiology is the science that studies how living organisms __.

function

Anatomy is the science that studies the __ and arrangement of body parts.

structure

Gross anatomy deals with structures visible to the __ eye.

naked

Histology is the study of __ tissues under a microscope.

tissues

Cytology is the study of __ cells.

individual

The levels of organization, from simplest to most complex, are __, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism.

chemical

An organ system is composed of multiple __ that work together.

organs

The cardiovascular system primarily transports __.

blood

The nervous system coordinates activity via __ signals.

nerve impulses

Homeostasis is the maintenance of stable __ inside the body.

internal conditions

Negative feedback tends to __ the original stimulus.

oppose

Positive feedback amplifies the __ rather than returning to set point.

stimulus

In a negative feedback loop, the component that determines the appropriate response is the __.

control center

The 'set point' is the desired value of the __.

regulated variable

The normal range is the range around the set point in which the __ is maintained.

regulated variable

Protons are located in the and carry a charge.

nucleus; positive

Neutrons are located in the and carry a charge.

nucleus; neutral

Electrons are located in the around the nucleus and carry a charge.

orbitals; negative

The major elements in the human body include oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and __.

phosphorus

Ionic bonds involve the transfer of __ between atoms.

electrons

Covalent polar bonds involve the __ sharing of electrons.

unequal

Covalent nonpolar bonds involve the __ sharing of electrons.

equal

Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between a hydrogen atom and a strongly electronegative atom such as __.

oxygen

Hydrophilic substances interact with water; hydrophobic substances are __.

nonpolar

Monosaccharides are the __ units of carbohydrates.

monomer

Disaccharides are formed by linking two __ monosaccharides.

monosaccharides

Polysaccharides function primarily as __ storage in organisms.

energy

Proteins are made of long chains of acids joined by bonds.

amino; peptide

Protein folding into a specific three-dimensional shape is essential for the protein's __.

function

Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the __ energy.

activation

Saturation occurs when all enzyme __ are occupied by substrate.

active sites

Triglycerides are composed of glycerol and three __ fatty acids.

fatty

Phospholipids have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.

phosphate; fatty acid

Phospholipids have a hydrophilic __ head.

phosphate

Phospholipids have a hydrophobic __ tails.

fatty acid

Nucleotides such as ATP are the basic building blocks of __ acids.

nucleic

DNA stores genetic information in the sequence of __.

bases

The nucleus contains the cell's __.

DNA

The plasma membrane is composed mainly of a phospholipid __.

bilayer

Ribosomes synthesize __, including secreted and membrane proteins.

proteins

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) specializes in synthesizing __ proteins.

secretory and membrane

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) synthesizes __ and detoxifies drugs.

lipids

Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages __ for secretion or delivery.

proteins

Lysosomes contain digestive __.

enzymes

Peroxisomes detoxify __ substances and produce hydrogen peroxide.

toxic

Nucleus houses the cell's genetic material in the form of __.

DNA

Nervous tissue contains neurons and __ cells that support neurons.

glial

Serous membranes line __ body cavities; mucous membranes line cavities that open to the outside.

closed

Regeneration is the restoration of tissue to its original structure and function, occurring in tissues with high __ capacity.

regenerative

Fibrosis occurs when tissue replacement is mainly __ tissue (scar tissue).

scar