DSM-V-TR

Bipolar 1

is characterized by at least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes. This disorder involves significant mood swings that impact daily functioning.

Bipolar 2

is characterized by at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, but no manic episodes. Individuals with this disorder experience less severe mood swings than those with Bipolar X, affecting daily life.

What is the difference between mania and hypomania?

Mania is a severe state of elevated mood and energy that significantly impairs daily functioning and may require hospitalization, while hypomania is a milder form that doesn't cause significant impairment.

Intellectual Disability

is characterized by deficits in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, originating during the developmental period. This condition significantly impacts academic, social, and daily living skills.

Language Disorder

is characterized by difficulties in understanding or using spoken or written language, impacting communication skills and academic performance.

Speech Sound Disorder

is characterized by difficulties in producing sounds correctly, which can affect speech clarity and communication. This disorder can interfere with the ability to communicate effectively in social and academic settings.

Childhood Onset Fluency Disorder

is characterized by disruptions in the flow of speech, such as repetitions, prolongations, or blocks, typically emerging in childhood. This condition can affect communication and social interactions, often leading to anxiety about speaking.

Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder

is characterized by difficulties in the social use of verbal and nonverbal communication. Individuals with this disorder often struggle with understanding social cues, maintaining conversations, and using language appropriately in different contexts.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

is a developmental disorder that affects communication, behavior, and social interaction. It is characterized by restricted interests, repetitive behaviors, and varying degrees of impairment in social skills.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

is a neurodevelopmental disorder marked by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It often manifests in childhood and can impact academic and social functioning.

Specific Learning Disorder

is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects how the brain processes information. It causes persistent difficulties in foundational academic areas like reading, writing, or math, despite normal intelligence, effort, and adequate instruction

Developmental Coordination Disorder

is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by significant deficits in motor coordination. Despite normal intelligence, individuals with this disorder struggle with motor planning, causing them to appear "clumsy" or "slow" when executing everyday gross and fine motor tasks.

Stereotypic Movement Disorder

a condition characterized by repetitive, purposeless, rhythmic movements (e.g., head banging, body rocking, or hand flapping) that interfere with normal activities or cause bodily injury. It typically begins in early childhood and is most common in individuals with developmental or intellectual disabilities.

Tic Disorders

are neurological conditions characterized by sudden, repetitive, involuntary movements or sounds called BLANK. They generally begin in childhood and range from mild to severe. While BLANKS cannot be completely cured, many children outgrow them, and treatments like behavioral therapy and medication effectively manage symptoms.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

a mental health condition characterized by severe social anxiety, eccentric behavior, and distorted thinking. Individuals with this disorder usually struggle to form close relationships and often exhibit magical beliefs, odd speech patterns, and paranoia, though they typically maintain a grasp on reality unlike those with schizophrenia.

Delusional Disorder

is a serious mental illness where a person experiences fixed, false beliefs (delusions) that are not based in reality but persist despite contradictory evidence. Unlike other psychotic disorders, individuals with this condition can generally function normally in daily life, provided their delusions are not triggered.

Brief Psychotic Disorder

is a mental health condition characterized by the sudden, temporary onset of psychotic symptoms—such as delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech. Symptoms last between one day and one month, after which the person returns to their normal level of functioning.

Schizophreniform Disorder

is a mental health condition that causes psychotic symptoms like hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech. It requires symptoms to last for at least one month but less than six months. If symptoms persist longer, the diagnosis is typically changed to schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia

is a complex, chronic brain disorder where individuals interpret reality abnormally. It causes a combination of hallucinations, delusions, and severely disordered thinking that disrupt daily functioning. While there is no cure, it is highly treatable with medication and behavioral therapies.

Catatonia

is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome where an individual is awake but unresponsive to their environment, exhibiting severe abnormalities in movement, speech, and behavior. It is not a standalone diagnosis but a symptom of underlying medical, neurological, or psychiatric conditions (like mood disorders or autism).

Cyclothymic Disorder

is a mild, chronic form of bipolar disorder. It involves recurring mood swings where emotional highs (hypomania) alternate with lows (mild depression). The condition causes noticeable shifts in mood and energy, though the symptoms are less severe than those of full bipolar I or II disorder.

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

is a childhood condition characterized by severe, chronic irritability and frequent, intense temper outbursts. Outbursts occur at least three times a week, are disproportionate to the situation, and children remain persistently angry or irritable in between.

Major Depressive Disorder

is a severe mental health condition causing persistent sadness, hopelessness, and a loss of interest in activities for at least two weeks. It disrupts daily life, affecting sleep, energy, and concentration, but is highly treatable through therapy and medication.

Persistent Depressive Disorder

is a continuous, long-term form of depression. It is characterized by a chronically low, sad, or irritable mood that lasts for at least two years (one year in children) and can significantly interfere with daily life, relationships, and work.

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

is a severe, cyclical form of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) classified in the DSM-5 as a depressive disorder. It requires experiencing at least five specific emotional and physical symptoms during the week before menses that significantly disrupt daily functioning and resolve shortly after menstruation begins.

Separation Anxiety Disorder

is a mental health condition characterized by excessive, developmentally inappropriate fear or distress regarding separation from major attachment figures. While typical in infants and toddlers, it is considered a disorder when the symptoms are severe, disrupt daily life, and last for at least four weeks in children or six months in adults.

Selective Mutism

is a disorder characterized by a persistent failure to speak in specific social situations where there is an expectation to speak (such as school), despite the ability to speak fluently in other settings (such as at home).

Specific Phobia

is an anxiety disorder characterized by persistent, intense, and irrational fear of a specific object or situation. The fear response is disproportionate to the actual threat, lasts for at least six months, and causes significant impairment.

Social Anxiety Disorder

is a mental health condition characterized by an intense, persistent fear of being watched, judged, or humiliated by others in social or performance situations. It goes far beyond typical shyness, often causing extreme distress that interferes with daily routines, relationships, career, and education.

Panic Disorder

is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks—sudden rushes of intense fear or physical discomfort that peak within minutes. It involves persistent worry about future attacks and changes in behavior, such as avoiding situations that might trigger an episode.

Agoraphobia

is an anxiety disorder characterized by the intense fear and avoidance of situations where escape might be difficult or help unavailable if panic symptoms occur. It often involves avoiding crowds, public transit, lines, or open/enclosed spaces, with severe cases making it impossible to leave home.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

is a mental health condition characterized by persistent, excessive, and uncontrollable worry about everyday issues like health, money, or work. This chronic anxiety often feels out of proportion to the actual situation and interferes with daily life, relationships, and sleep.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

is a mental health condition characterized by a cycle of uncontrollable, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions). These actions take up significant time, cause major distress, and interfere with daily life, but can be effectively managed with therapies and medication.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

is a disorder defined by an all-consuming preoccupation with nonexistent or slight physical flaws, which leads to compulsive repetitive behaviors and causes severe distress or impairment in daily life.

Hoarding Disorder

is a mental health condition characterized by the persistent difficulty in discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value, due to a perceived need to save them. This behavior leads to massive clutter that compromises living spaces and causes significant distress or daily functional impairment.

Trichotillomania

is a disorder characterized by the recurrent pulling out of one's own hair, resulting in noticeable hair loss, alongside repeated attempts to stop or reduce the behavior

Excoriation Disorder

is a mental health condition characterized by the repeated, compulsive picking of one's own skin. It is classified as an obsessive-compulsive-related disorder and a body-focused repetitive behavior (BFRB).

Reactive Attachment Disorder

is a complex psychiatric condition in which infants and young children fail to establish healthy emotional bonds with caregivers. It typically stems from early abuse, neglect, or extreme instability. Treatment focuses on creating a stable, nurturing environment alongside family therapy.

Disinhibited social engagement disorder

is a trauma-related attachment disorder in children. It is characterized by an absence of normal social boundaries, where a child exhibits overly friendly, indiscriminate behavior and readily interacts with or leaves with strangers without hesitation.

Post-traumatic stress disorder

is a mental health condition triggered by experiencing or witnessing a terrifying, life-threatening, or traumatic event. Symptoms include severe anxiety, flashbacks, nightmares, and uncontrollable thoughts about the event, which last for more than a month and significantly interfere with daily life.

Acute Stress Disorder

is a short-term mental health condition that develops within four weeks of experiencing or witnessing a severe traumatic event. Symptoms typically last from three days to a month and include intrusive memories, flashbacks, avoidance of triggers, emotional numbness, and hyperarousal.

Adjustment Disorder

is an unhealthy emotional or behavioral reaction to a stressful life event (e.g., job loss, divorce, moving). The reaction is more intense than expected and causes significant disruptions to your daily life. It typically develops within three months of the trigger and lasts no longer than six months.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

is defined in the DSM-5 by the presence of two or more distinct personality states (alters) and significant, recurrent memory gaps. This condition frequently stems from severe, early-childhood trauma.

Dissociative Amnesia

is a disorder that involves the inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature, and often follows a traumatic or stressful life event. More significant than just ordinary forgetting, the partial amnesia may relate to important personal information, the names of close family members, one’s place of employment, or details of a car accident or other traumatic event that just happened.

Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder

is a mental health condition characterized by persistent or recurrent feelings of being detached from one's own body or mind (depersonalization), and/or feeling disconnected from one's surroundings (derealization). While passing episodes are common, severe and chronic cases can significantly disrupt daily functioning

Pica

is a feeding and eating disorder defined by the persistent consumption of non-nutritive, non-food substances (such as dirt, ice, or paper) for at least one month. The behavior must be developmentally inappropriate, socially unacceptable, and not part of culturally normative practices.

Rumination Disorder

The symptoms include repeated regurgitation and remastication of food. The disorder develops after a period of normal eating and digesting, must be present for at least a month, and is not due to a general medical condition or the presence of another eating disorder.

Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder

is an eating disorder characterized by a severe limitation in the amount or variety of food consumed. Unlike other eating disorders, this disorder is not driven by body image distress or a desire to lose weight. It affects people of all ages and can lead to significant nutritional and physical health issues.

Anorexia Nervosa

is a serious, life-threatening eating disorder and mental health condition characterized by severe food restriction, an intense fear of gaining weight, and a distorted body image. It affects individuals of all ages, genders, ethnicities, and body sizes. Early medical intervention is crucial, as it has one of the highest mortality rates of any psychiatric disorder.

Bulimia Nervosa

is a disorder that involves an average of at least one episode of binge eating per week, for a period of 3 months, which is accompanied by recurrent compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain (e.g., self-induced vomiting, fasting, laxative or other medication use, or extreme exercise).

Binge Eating Disorder

is characterized by bingeing on food an average of one episode weekly over a period of at least 3 months, without the persistent use of compensatory behavior required for the diagnosis of bulimia nervosa.

Gender Dysphoria

The hallmark feature of this condition is the incongruence between a person’s expressed gender and biological gender at birth (natal gender).

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

is a behavioral condition characterized by a persistent and ongoing pattern of anger, irritability, arguing, defiance, and vindictiveness toward authority figures. Typically diagnosed in childhood, these extreme behaviors last for at least six months and severely disrupt daily functioning at home or school.

Intermittent Explosive Disorder

is a mental health condition characterized by sudden, recurrent, and impulsive aggressive outbursts that are grossly out of proportion to the situation.

Conduct Disorder

is a mental health condition characterized by a persistent and repetitive pattern of behavior in children and teens that violates the basic rights of others, societal norms, and rules. It often involves aggression, property destruction, deceitfulness, and serious rule violations, significantly impairing daily functioning.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

is a mental health condition characterized by a long-term pattern of manipulating, exploiting, or violating the rights of others. Individuals with ASPD often show no remorse or guilt, disregard societal norms, and frequently engage in impulsive or aggressive behavior.

Pyromania

is defined by repeated, deliberate fire-setting driven by a fascination with fire and an intense urge to release inner tension, rather than external motives like financial gain or revenge.

Kleptomania

is characterized by recurrent, unpremeditated theft of objects that the person admits are not needed for their monetary value nor for their personal use.

Substance Use Disorder

is a treatable, chronic medical condition characterized by the recurring use of substances (such as alcohol, nicotine, or drugs) despite harmful consequences. It impairs a person's ability to fulfill daily responsibilities and alters brain function, leading to a loss of control over consumption

Gambling Disorder

is a serious mental health condition characterized by the uncontrollable urge to keep betting despite the severe negative toll it takes on a person's life, finances, and relationships.

Paranoid Personality Disorder

is a mental health condition characterized by a pervasive, long-term pattern of unwarranted distrust and suspicion of others. Individuals with this disorder constantly interpret others' motives as malicious and believe they are being exploited or harmed, even without supporting evidence.

Schizoid personality disorder

is a mental health condition characterized by a lifelong pattern of social detachment, emotional coldness, and indifference to others. People with this disorder rarely desire or form close relationships, preferring to be alone, and often display a limited range of emotional expression.

Histrionic Personality Disorder

is a mental health condition characterized by a pervasive, lifelong pattern of excessive emotionality and a desperate need to be the center of attention. People with this disorder often engage in dramatic, theatrical, or inappropriately provocative behaviors to ensure the focus remains entirely on them.

Borderline Personality Disorder

is a mental health condition characterized by severe instability in moods, self-image, and behavior. People with this disorder struggle to regulate their emotions, which often leads to impulsive actions, intense relationships, and chronic feelings of emptiness

Avoidant Personality Disorder

is a mental health condition characterized by extreme social inhibition, chronic feelings of inadequacy, and a deep hypersensitivity to rejection or criticism. Despite deeply craving closeness, individuals isolate themselves due to an overwhelming fear of being judged, ridiculed, or disliked.

Dependent Personality Disorder

is a mental health condition characterized by an excessive, pervasive need to be taken care of. This reliance leads to submissive, clinging behaviors, an inability to make everyday decisions without reassurance, and a deep-seated fear of separation or abandonment.

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

is a mental health condition characterized by an extreme, chronic preoccupation with perfectionism, orderliness, and control. Unlike those with OCD, people with this disorder believe their rigid rules and perfectionism are entirely necessary and correct, often leading to strained relationships and difficulty completing tasks.

Voyeuristic disorder

is a mental health condition characterized by recurrent, intense sexual arousal from watching unsuspecting, non-consenting people who are naked, undressing, or engaging in sexual activity. It is only classified as a disorder when the urges cause severe distress or when the individual acts on them with non-consenting individuals.

Exhibitionistic disorder

is a mental health condition characterized by recurrent, intense urges or fantasies to expose one's genitals to unsuspecting, non-consenting strangers. The behavior must persist for at least six months and cause significant distress, impairment in daily functioning, or result in acting on urges with non-consenting individuals.

Frotteuristic disorder

a mental health condition characterized by recurrent, intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors involving touching or rubbing against a non-consenting person.

Sexual masochism disorder

is defined by recurrent, intense sexual arousal from being humiliated, bound, beaten, or otherwise made to suffer. It becomes a clinical disorder only if these urges, fantasies, or behaviors cause significant personal distress, social/occupational impairment, or potential harm.

Sexual sadism disorder

is a mental health condition characterized by intense, recurring sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors involving the infliction of physical or psychological suffering on another person. A diagnosis is made only when these actions involve non-consenting individuals or cause the person clinically significant personal distress and impairment.

Pedophilic disorder

is defined by persistent sexual arousal toward prepubescent children. The individual must be at least 16 and at least 5 years older than the child or children.

Fetishistic disorder

is a condition where a person experiences recurrent, intense sexual arousal from nonliving objects or highly specific nongenital body parts. It is only diagnosed as a disorder if these urges or fantasies cause significant personal distress or disrupt daily life.

Transvestic Disorder

is defined as a condition where an individual experiences recurrent, intense sexual arousal from cross-dressing, but this behavior or the associated urges cause them significant distress, shame, or impairment in daily life.