NASM Ch 7 HMS Planes of Motion

osteokinematics

Movement of a limb that is visible.

arthokinematics

The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin.

joint motion

Movement in each plane occurs on an axis running perpendicular to that plane

sagittal plane

purple

frontal plane

blue

transverse plane

green

sagittal plane

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves.

flexion

A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases.

extension

A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases.

hyperextension

Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion.

flexion and extension

Movements in the sagittal plane include

dorsiflexion

Flexion occurring at the ankle.

plantar flexion

Extension occurring at the ankle. Pointing the foot downwards.

hip flexion

when an individual decreases the angle between the femur (thigh bone) and the pelvis or lumbar spine.

abduction and adduction of limbs, lateral flexion of spine, and eversion/inversion of foot and ankle complex

Movements in the frontal plane include

frontal plane

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves. Movement in the frontal plane includes abduction, adduction, and side-to-side motions.

abduction

A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body.

adduction

Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body.

lateral flexion

Bending of the spine from side to side.

eversion

A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves laterally. The bottom of foot faces outward.

inversion

A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves medially. Bottom of foot faces inward.

transverse plane

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves.

internal rotation

Rotation of a body segment toward the middle of the body.

external rotation

Rotation of a body segment away from the middle of the body.

horizontal abduction

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position.

horizontal abduction

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position.

radioulnar pronation

Inward rotation of the forearm from a palm-up position to a palm-down position.

radioulnar supination

Outward rotation of the forearm from a palm-down position to a palm-up position.

transverse plane

rotational movement of the head, torso, arms, and legs. horizontal abduction

pronation of the foot

Multiplanar movement of the foot and ankle complex consisting of eversion, dorsiflexion, and ankle abduction; associated with force reduction.

supination of the foot

Multiplanar movement of the foot and ankle complex consisting of inversion, plantar flexion, and ankle adduction; associated with force production.

gait

Biomechanical motion of the lower extremities during walking, running, and sprinting.

scapular retraction

Adduction of scapulae; shoulder blades move toward the midline.

scapular protraction

Abduction of scapulae; shoulder blades move away from the midline.

scapular depression

Downward (inferior) motion of the scapulae.

scapular elevation

Upward (superior) motion of the scapulae.

scapular movements

aka translations

elasticity

The ability of soft tissues to return to resting length after being stretched.

ligament

A fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone.

flexibility

The normal extensibility of soft tissues that allows for full range of motion of a joint.

hypermobility

A state where a lack of neuromuscular support leads to a joint having more range of motion than it should, greatly increasing the risk of injury at that joint.

hypomobility

When range of motion at a joint is limited.

normal movement

represents efficient, cooperative functioning of the skeletal, nervous, and muscular systems and requires full ROM