STATE MANDATED QUIZ PSY3213C

Theory --> research questions --> research design --> hypothesis --> data --> support or revision

Name the steps of the scientific method (theory data cycle)

Theory

fact-based idea; more general; explanatory framework

Hypothesis

prediction about a specific study that can be tested

False

(T/F) We can draw causal conclusions from correlational studies

Confound

another variable (variable we are not studying) varies systematically with the independent variable

large difference between group means; low variability within each group

we are most likely to find a statistically significant result when:

factorial design

experiment that manipulates more than one independent variable

main effect

effect on each independent variable separately

interaction

when the effect of on independent variable depends on the levels of another independent variable

quasi-experimental design

experiment design in which we cannot use random assignment and cannot control confounds

true experimental design

with which experimental design are we able to say a variable "CAUSES" a certain outcome

mean

central tendency - average

median

central tendency - middle number

mode

central tendency - most common number

positive skew

positive or negative skew: the mean is greater than the mode

negative skew

positive or negative skew: the mean is less than the mode

standard deviation

average deviation of each score from the mean

more

more or less: a higher standard deviation means _____ variability

less

more or less: a lower standard deviation means _____ variability

strong positive correlation

r = 0.6 means what kind of correlation?

weak negative correlation

r = -0.2 means what kind of correlation?

significant; reject the null hypothesis

p-value of p < 0.05

not significant; fail to reject the null hypothesis

p-value of p > 0.05

nominal

scale of measurement: basic categories (ex: gender, college major, etc.)

ordinal

scale of measurement: variable levels are organized sequentially (ex: favorite movies from most favorite to least favorite)

interval

scale of measurement: variable levels are organized sequentially with equal distances between each, but no absolute zero (ex: temperature, Likert Scale, etc.)

ratio

scale of measurement: consists of equal, ordered levels, anchored by non-arbitrary zero point (ex: number of negative thoughts in a day, speed, etc.)

valid

a measure is _______ if it taps into the construct of interest; correlation with other measures or related outcomes

reliable

a measure is _____ if we get the same result each time we measure the same person/thing; correlation with itself

true

(T/F) it is possible for measure to be reliable, but not valid

test-restest, internal reliability, interrater reliability

3 methods to asses reliability

face validity

what type of validity: at first glance looks to measure what researchers think it will measure

content validity

what type of validity: whether measures include all relevant parts of a construct

criterion validity

what type of validity: correlates with some behavior/outcome

convergent validity

what type of validity: correlates with related measures

discriminant validity

what type of validity: zero/weak correlation with a different construct

true

(T/F) a sample is lesser amount than a population

abstract

which APA paper component: summary of entire paper

introduction

which APA paper component: background info, hypothesis

methods

which APA paper component: participants, materials, how data is collected

results

which APA paper component: statistics, graphs, data tables

discussion

which APA paper component: interpretation of results, how results fit with previous research

references

works cited

respect for persons, beneficence, justice

name the 3 principles of the Belmont Report

respect for persons

participants must be treated as autonomous individuals capable of making decisions; informed consent process is important here

beneficence

maximize benefits of research while minimizing harm to participants

justice

procedures must be administered fairly among participants

scientists and non scientists

who make up the Institutional Review Board (IRB)

research procedures, compensation, risks/benefits, statement that participation is voluntary

what are the 4 components included in informed consent

parent provides informed consent, children completes assent form

how to get informed consent from children

debriefing

studies involving deception must include a _______

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

research with animals must be approved by:

correlation test

assessing possible 2-way linear association between 2 continuous variables

continuous

correlation test independent variable/ predictor variable is

continuous

correlation test dependent variable is

correlation test

"Manuel is interested in the relationship between self-esteem and the amount of time people spend on Facebook. He measures self-esteem and the how many minutes people used Facebook over the course of a week."

This is an example of which test:

independent samples t-test

used to compare 2 sample means from unrelated groups; expectation about the difference in population

2 categories

independent samples t-test independent variable/ predictor variable is

continuous

independent samples t-test dependent variable is

independent samples t-test

"Novell is interested whether dog people or cat people spend more time with friends. He classifies participants as "dog people" or "cat people" and then measures the amount of time each group spends with their friends in one week."

This is an example of which test:

Paired sample t-test

compares means from the same group at different times

2 related groups

Paired sample t-test independent variable/predictor variable is

continuous

Paired sample t-test dependent variable is

Paired sample t-test

"Shayne is interested in how assessments of physical attractiveness are affected by getting to know a person. She has participants rate the attractiveness of a confederate before meeting (from a picture) and then again after a 10 minute conversation."

This is an example of which test:

ANOVA

used to analyze the difference between the means of more than 2 groups

multiple categories

ANOVA independent variable/predictor variable is

continuous

ANOVA dependent variable is

ANOVA

"Heather wants to know whether psychology students, business majors, or sociology students have higher GPAs."

This is an example of which test:

Chi-square

used to examine whether 2 variables are independent of one another; whether results are in order with an expected value

2 or more categories

chi-square independent variable/predictor variable is

categorical

chi-square dependent variable is

chi-square

"Ethan wants to know whether people are more likely to vote if they make a specific plan for how they will get to the voting center on election day. He randomly assigns some participants to make a specific plan (or not) and then measures whether the person votes."

This is an example of which test:

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