histrory quiz (Industrialization, labor unions and strikes, progressivism)

Heavy industry

Industry (factories) that requires large machines and large amount of raw materials that factories need to make products

Bessemer process

Cheap way of making large amounts of steel from iron —> steel made a large impact on economy (skyscrapers)

Causes of urbanization

People (farmers) moving from countryside to the city to live and work

Modernization of agriculture

Modern farming with technology/machines

Streetcar suburb

Innovation in transportation (streetcars, trolleys, subways led to streetcar suburbs) —> traveling between homes and cities for businesses and entertainment

Problems in growing cities of late 19th century

Overcrowding and poor living conditions, increased crime, lacked sanitation services (garbage, waste, etc)

innovations of industrialization that transformed America

1. Telephone 2. Lightbulb 3. Skyscrapers 4. Automobile 5. Airplane

John D. Rockefeller

Oil industry

Andrew Carnegie

Steel industry

J.P. Morgan

Banking firm

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Shipping and railroads

Collusion

An illegal business strategy where businesses pretend to compete but actually agree to raise prices instead. This harmed customers

Horizontal integration

In an attempt to make a larger profit, one company forces its competitors out of business

Monopoly

When a company controls a particular industry (steel, oil, etc)

Trust

When a group of cooperations collude, they run their separate companies as one big company to eliminate competition and increase their profit

Scientific management

• Idea by Frederick Winslow Taylor

• Using scientific methods to make work faster and more efficient/productive. Breaking the production process down into separate movements and re-designing the work process to make it more efficient

Impact that scientific management had on workers

More efficient but less freedom

Impact that scientific management had on the economy

Faster growth, higher profits, more goods

Laissez-faire economy

French word meaning “leave alone”, economic theory claims a nations economy is strongest when it has little to no regulation by the govt

Positives of Laissez-faire economics

Can create tremendous economic productivity

Negatives of Laissez-faire economics

Without govt regulation, businesses sometimes act in ways that harm customers, workers, and the environment to make larger profit

Labor union

Organization of workers formed to advocate for work play reforms such as,

• shorter workdays

• Increased pay

• Safer working conditions

Tools used by unions:

• collective bargaining —> Union meets with employers to reach agreements on issues (wages, healthcare, etc)

• Boycott —> refuse to deal with an organization or business to express disapproval to force acceptance of certain conditions

• Strike —> refusal to work until employers agree to work demands

Pullman boycott and strike

Causes: workers wages were cut, but rent stayed high. They were unhappy and the company refused to listen

How strike ended: the govt sent troops to break the strike many people were killed or injured

conflict between labor and business

• conflict b/t them lead to the growth of labor unions

• When there was a fight b/t labor unions and businesses owners…

  1. Workers sometimes faced a violent backlash from owners

  2. The govt (federal and state) often intervened and supported business owners over workers

Progressivism

Movement that responded to the problems created by industrial capitalism, urbanization, and political corruption by prompting reforms that dealt with those ideas

Muckraker

A reporter who “rakes up the muck” to show problems and make people demand change. Journalists who uncovers misconduct and/or corruption in the politics, business, or society

Lewis Hine

Photographer that the National Child Labor committee hired in 1908 to investigate and report on the industries employing children

Upton Sinclair

He exposed poor working conditions and unsafe practices in the meat packing industry. Wrote “The Jungle” that later led to to food safety laws

Sherman Antitrust Act and Clayton Antitrust Act

Law that made illegal to establish trusts that interfered with free trade. Clayton strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act and made it easier for the federal govt to break up trusts

Meat Inspection Act

Law that established cleanliness requirements for the meat packing industry

Pure food and drug act

Law that put and end on untruthful labeling and the sale of contaminated food and drugs

Homestead strike

Causes: workers wages were cut at the Homestead steel plant. They wanted better pay and working conditions

How strike ended: strike was ended by state militia company regain control. Many workers were injured the leader of the strike Eugene V. Debs was arrested

Jane Adams

1. Leading figure in the settlement movement 2. Opened the “Hull House” in Chicago 3. Her idea became a movement that spread to cities across the nation

Settlement House Movement

1. Community center that provided social services to the urban poor 2. Gave classes in childcare, taught English to immigrants, ran nursery schools, kindergarteners, and provided arts programs

Social gospel

It wasn’t enough to find personal salvation, you had to help the poor too

Political machine

A political organization in which a “boss” or small group controlled the support of immigrants who received jobs and housing in exchange for their votes

William “Boss” Tweed

Most infamous political machine politician who ran New York City during the 1860’s and 1870’s

John Muir

-friend of teddy roosevelt

-helped establish Yosemite as a national park in California

-“father of the national parks”

National spark service (NPS)

• created in 1916

• manages all national parks and related areas

• aims to preserve certain areas and make them available for the public to use and enjoy

Jacob Riis

• He was a muckraker who took photographs and exposed how people lived in poor urban areas and bad conditions.

• Wrote “how the other half lives”

What problems did the trainable shirtwaist fire reveal existed during the gilded age?

It revealed that there weren’t enough safety measures in buildings and also what we should do to prevent tragedies happening later on