Cell Biology TRIPLE BIOLOGY P1

What are the 2 types of cell

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells

What does each one mean

Eukaryotic cell - Contains genetic material in a nucleus

Prokaryotic cell - Genetic material is not in a nucleus

What are the 5 measuring sizes in order

Meter, Centimetre, Millimetre, Micrometre, Nanometre

What does 1 order of magnitude equal

10x

Name 5 parts to an Animal Cell

Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Mitochondria, Cell Membrane, Ribosomes

What does the nucleus do

Stores genetic information

What does the cell membrane do

Controls what goes in and out of the cell

What does the cytoplasm do

Where all the chemical reactions take place

What does the mitochondria do

Aerobic respiration

What do the ribosomes do

Protein Synthesis

What 3 parts are only found in plant cells

Chloroplasts, Cell Wall, Permanent Vacuole

What does the Chloroplasts do

Sites of photosynthesis

What does the cell wall do

Holds the Cells Structure

What does the Vacuole do

Stores Cell Sap

What are the animal specified cells

Sperm Cells, Nerve Cells, Muscle Cells

What are the Plant Specialised Cells

Root Hair Cells, Xylem Cells, Phloem Cells

What do Xylem Cells do

Carry Water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves

What do Xylem Cells contain

Thick walls containing Lignin providing support

What do Phloem Cells do

Carry dissolved sugars up and down the plant

What are the 2 types of cells in Phloem

Phloem Vessel Cell, Sieve Plates

What is important about Phloem Vessel Cells

Contain No Nucleus and limited cytoplasm

What does each Vessel Cell have

Companion Cell connected by pores which contains many mitochondria

What is the normal different sizes of magnification on an optical microscope

4X 10X 40X

What are the different parts of a microscope

Stage, Lamp, Clips, Objective Lenses, eyepiece, Coarse Focussing Dial, Fine Focussing Dial

What does the eyepiece contain

An eyepiece lens with a magnification of 10X

How to use a optical microscope to view a prepared slide

• Place the slide onto the stage

• Use clips to keep slide in place

• Select lowest power objective lens

• Position the objective lens so it almost touches the microscope slide by slowly turning the coarse focussing dial

• Look down the eyepiece and slowly turn the coarse focussing dial till it comes into focus

• Then use the fine focussing dial to bring the cells into a clear focus

How to calculate the total magnification

Multiply the magnification of the eyepiece lens by the magnification of the objective lens

What is the equation for magnification

Magnification = Size of image/Size of real object

How do bacteria multiply

By simple cell division

What is it called when a bacterial cell splits into 2 bacterial cells

Binary Fission

What is the equation for the number of bacteria

Number of bacteria = 2 to the power of the amount of rounds of division

How to avoid contamination when testing bacterial growth on agar plates

• Sterilise all petri dishes, bacterial nutrient broth and agar

• Sterilise the inoculating loop by passing it through a Bunsen burner flame

• When bacteria is transferred attach the lid with tape to stop it falling off and unwanted microorganisms entering

• Place agar plate upside down to prevent moisture from dripping down onto the bacteria and disrupting the colonies

What temperature do you normally incubate bacteria at

25 degrees celcius

What does this reduce

The chances harmful bacteria grow

Explain the Culturing microorganisms required practical

• First clean the work area with a disinfectant solution

• Sterilise Inoculating loop

• Open sterile agar gel plate near a Bunsen burner flame

• Use the loop to spread bacteria evenly over the plated

• Place sterile filter paper discs containing antibiotic onto the plate

• Incubate at 25 degrees C

What are the 2 ways of cell division

Mitosis

Meiosis

What are the 3 stages of mitosis in cell division

DNA replicates to form 2 copies of each chromosome. The cell also grows and copies internal structures such as mitochondria and ribosomes

One set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus also divides

In the final stage the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form 2 identical daughter cells

What are 3 times that mitosis happens

Growth and development of multicellular organisms

When an organism repairs itself

During Asexual reproduction

What is a stem cell

A undifferentiated cell which can give rise to more cells of the same type and can differentiate to form other types of cells

What are the 2 places stem cells can be found

Embryo and Bone Marrow

What is Leukaemia

Cancer in the bone marrow

What can bone marrow stem cells differentiate into

Blood cells

How is a bone marrow transplant done

• Patients existing bone marrow is destroyed by radiation

• Receives bone marrow from donor

• Stem cells in bone marrow divide and form new bone marrow

What are some negatives about BMTs

Donor has to be compatible with the patient otherwise the WBCs from the bone marrow may attack the patients body

Risks of Viruses can be passed to the patient

What is therapeutic cloning

Embryo with the same genes as the patient is produced

Stem cells from the embryo is transferred to the patient without being rejected

Once inside the patient the stem cells differentiate to replace non working cells

Where are plant stem cells found

Meristem tissue

How do molecules move into and out of cells

Diffusion

What are the benefits of filaments in fish gills

Larger Surface Area

Short diffusion pathway

Efficient Blood Supply

What is the definition of osmosis

Osmosis Is the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane

What is important about the cytoplasm of a cell

Has a relatively low conc of water

What may happen when water is moved into a animal cell

Expansion and bursting of the cell

What may happen when water is moved into a plant cell

It is expanded

Why does this cell not burst

The cell wall prevents it from bursting

What is this called

The cell is turgid

What is it called when the plant cell shrinks

Flaccid

What are the steps for the Effects of osmosis on plant tissue required practical

• Peel the potato

• Use a cork borer to create 3 cylinders of potato

• Use a scalpel to trim cylinders to the same length

• Measure the length and mass

• Place each cylinder into test tube

• Add 10cm³ of 0.5 molar sugar solution to the first tt

• Add 10cm³ of 0.25 molar sugar solution to the second tt

• Add 10cm³ of distilled water to the 3rd test tube

• Leave overnight

• Remove and dry with a paper towel

• Measure length and mass of cylinders again

What is diffusion

The movement of particles from an area of High concentration to a area of low concentration down the concentration gradient

What is active transport

The movement of a substance from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution against the concentration gradient