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What are the 2 types of cell
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells
What does each one mean
Eukaryotic cell - Contains genetic material in a nucleus
Prokaryotic cell - Genetic material is not in a nucleus
What are the 5 measuring sizes in order
Meter, Centimetre, Millimetre, Micrometre, Nanometre
What does 1 order of magnitude equal
10x
Name 5 parts to an Animal Cell
Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Mitochondria, Cell Membrane, Ribosomes
What does the nucleus do
Stores genetic information
What does the cell membrane do
Controls what goes in and out of the cell
What does the cytoplasm do
Where all the chemical reactions take place
What does the mitochondria do
Aerobic respiration
What do the ribosomes do
Protein Synthesis
What 3 parts are only found in plant cells
Chloroplasts, Cell Wall, Permanent Vacuole
What does the Chloroplasts do
Sites of photosynthesis
What does the cell wall do
Holds the Cells Structure
What does the Vacuole do
Stores Cell Sap
What are the animal specified cells
Sperm Cells, Nerve Cells, Muscle Cells
What are the Plant Specialised Cells
Root Hair Cells, Xylem Cells, Phloem Cells
What do Xylem Cells do
Carry Water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves
What do Xylem Cells contain
Thick walls containing Lignin providing support
What do Phloem Cells do
Carry dissolved sugars up and down the plant
What are the 2 types of cells in Phloem
Phloem Vessel Cell, Sieve Plates
What is important about Phloem Vessel Cells
Contain No Nucleus and limited cytoplasm
What does each Vessel Cell have
Companion Cell connected by pores which contains many mitochondria
What is the normal different sizes of magnification on an optical microscope
4X 10X 40X
What are the different parts of a microscope
Stage, Lamp, Clips, Objective Lenses, eyepiece, Coarse Focussing Dial, Fine Focussing Dial
What does the eyepiece contain
An eyepiece lens with a magnification of 10X
How to use a optical microscope to view a prepared slide
Place the slide onto the stage
Use clips to keep slide in place
Select lowest power objective lens
Position the objective lens so it almost touches the microscope slide by slowly turning the coarse focussing dial
Look down the eyepiece and slowly turn the coarse focussing dial till it comes into focus
Then use the fine focussing dial to bring the cells into a clear focus
How to calculate the total magnification
Multiply the magnification of the eyepiece lens by the magnification of the objective lens
What is the equation for magnification
Magnification = Size of image/Size of real object
How do bacteria multiply
By simple cell division
What is it called when a bacterial cell splits into 2 bacterial cells
Binary Fission
What is the equation for the number of bacteria
Number of bacteria = 2 to the power of the amount of rounds of division
How to avoid contamination when testing bacterial growth on agar plates
Sterilise all petri dishes, bacterial nutrient broth and agar
Sterilise the inoculating loop by passing it through a Bunsen burner flame
When bacteria is transferred attach the lid with tape to stop it falling off and unwanted microorganisms entering
Place agar plate upside down to prevent moisture from dripping down onto the bacteria and disrupting the colonies
What temperature do you normally incubate bacteria at
25 degrees celcius
What does this reduce
The chances harmful bacteria grow
Explain the Culturing microorganisms required practical
First clean the work area with a disinfectant solution
Sterilise Inoculating loop
Open sterile agar gel plate near a Bunsen burner flame
Use the loop to spread bacteria evenly over the plated
Place sterile filter paper discs containing antibiotic onto the plate
Incubate at 25 degrees C
What are the 2 ways of cell division
Mitosis
Meiosis
What are the 3 stages of mitosis in cell division
DNA replicates to form 2 copies of each chromosome. The cell also grows and copies internal structures such as mitochondria and ribosomes
One set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus also divides
In the final stage the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form 2 identical daughter cells
What are 3 times that mitosis happens
Growth and development of multicellular organisms
When an organism repairs itself
During Asexual reproduction
What is a stem cell
A undifferentiated cell which can give rise to more cells of the same type and can differentiate to form other types of cells
What are the 2 places stem cells can be found
Embryo and Bone Marrow
What is Leukaemia
Cancer in the bone marrow
What can bone marrow stem cells differentiate into
Blood cells
How is a bone marrow transplant done
Patients existing bone marrow is destroyed by radiation
Receives bone marrow from donor
Stem cells in bone marrow divide and form new bone marrow
What are some negatives about BMTs
Donor has to be compatible with the patient otherwise the WBCs from the bone marrow may attack the patients body
Risks of Viruses can be passed to the patient
What is therapeutic cloning
Embryo with the same genes as the patient is produced
Stem cells from the embryo is transferred to the patient without being rejected
Once inside the patient the stem cells differentiate to replace non working cells
Where are plant stem cells found
Meristem tissue
How do molecules move into and out of cells
Diffusion
What are the benefits of filaments in fish gills
Larger Surface Area
Short diffusion pathway
Efficient Blood Supply
What is the definition of osmosis
Osmosis Is the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane
What is important about the cytoplasm of a cell
Has a relatively low conc of water
What may happen when water is moved into a animal cell
Expansion and bursting of the cell
What may happen when water is moved into a plant cell
It is expanded
Why does this cell not burst
The cell wall prevents it from bursting
What is this called
The cell is turgid
What is it called when the plant cell shrinks
Flaccid
What are the steps for the Effects of osmosis on plant tissue required practical
Peel the potato
Use a cork borer to create 3 cylinders of potato
Use a scalpel to trim cylinders to the same length
Measure the length and mass
Place each cylinder into test tube
Add 10cm3 of 0.5 molar sugar solution to the first tt
Add 10cm3 of 0.25 molar sugar solution to the second tt
Add 10cm3 of distilled water to the 3rd test tube
Leave overnight
Remove and dry with a paper towel
Measure length and mass of cylinders again
What is diffusion
The movement of particles from an area of High concentration to a area of low concentration down the concentration gradient
What is active transport
The movement of a substance from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution against the concentration gradient
