SUPA Earth System science chapter 9 quiz

what is number 1 on this diagram

meander

what is number 2 on this diagram

point bar

what is number 3 on this diagram

cutbank

what is number 4 on this diagram

flood plain

are these young or old streams

Old streams

where is the water moving quickly

A and D

where is the water moving slowly

B and C

where is deposition

B and C

where is erosion

A and D

where is the water deeper

A and D

which diagram represents graded bedding

A

which represents horizontal sorting

B

which diagram would produce a delta

B

what is number 1

V-shaped valley

what is number 2

waterfall

what is number 3

tributary

what is number 4

streambed

what is number 5

streambank

is this a young or old stream

young

what is number 1

headwater

what is number 2

tributary

what is number 3

main river

what is number 4

meander

what is number 5

oxbow lake

what is number 6

delta

what is number 7

mouth

where would erosion occur

headwater and outside of meander

where would deposition occur

oxbow lake, delta, and inside of meander

what is soil made of

weathered rock, mineral particles (sediment), dead and decaying plant and animal matter, and organisms that live within the materials

how is soil created

soil is created through weathering and erosion where the lithosphere and biosphere interact

what is infiltration

larger particles allow water to enter the soil and clean the water

what is aeration

allowing air/ lessens compaction (due to larger particles), smaller particles like clay pack together and influence infiltration and nutrient retention

leaching

water soluble nutrients and minerals move down

what are the layers of soil

O (topsoil), A(topsoil), B(subsoil, C(weathered bedrock and solid bedrock)

topsoil

the uppermost 2-6 inches of soil O&A, it is a complex mixture of materials that includes organic matter

O horizon

made of fallen leaves and dead organic matter( detritus, litter, humus). This supports burrowing animals, insects, earthworms, fungi, and bacteria, these help create air spaces and influence soil structure decomposes material and recycles dead organisms back into materials that support life

A horizon

a mixture of mineral fragments and organic matter

B horizon

the subsoil and is composed of mineral matter- zone of accumulation

C horizon

lowest composed of weathered parent material (rock or sediment)

what makes soil alive

nematode worms (100,000 per cup of soil), earthworms( mix, aerate & digest organic materials with excrement known as castings), bacteria, fungi (one cup contains more microorganisms than people on earth).

what makes up soil types

1000 specific, Characteristics are inorganic, organic, water &air. this influences the life that survives above.

soil orders

classification of soil type is based on distinct physical, chemical and environmental characteristics. decomposers, bacteria/fungi, moisture, warm,dark

CLORPT

Climate(CL) , Organisms(O), topography(R), parent material(P), formation time (T)

how much land is arable (farmable)

37%

bad (yet productive) farming processes

accelerate soil erosion and degrade soil fertility. overuse of pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, overirrigation, overgrazing damage the land

tilling

one of the largest agricultural impacts. tilling is preparing the soil for planting by breaking it up and turning it over with a plow

soil conservation

terracing, contour plowing, native plants, & no-till farming

deforestation

a global annual rate of 13 million hectares per year due to logging or burning

what is the problem with deforestation

removes the primary source of organic material in the O soil horizon and the binding of tree roots which fertilize and protects their soils, leaves land on steep slopes susceptible to landslides, loss of carbon sequestration

urban updates for sustainability

reclaiming contaminated or abandoned industrial sites called brownfields, restored coastal and riverine waterfronts, sustainable practices such as rain gardens and landscaping that encourages infiltration, and reduces run off

rock cycle

the geologic process by which earth recycles and renews its surface

igneous rock

from magma

metamorphic rock

from heat/pressure and are made from other rocks

sedimentary rock

from sediments

erosion

natural forces- wind, water, ice, gravity- pick up and move weathered rock particles, this is what caused the dust bowl

how erosion creates sedimentary rock

sediment erodes and is transported, sediment deposits and accumulates at the foot of mountains, on floodplains, mouths of rivers and streams, around around and on ocean floors, sediment is buried under layers of material which creates enough pressure to turn it into sedimentary rock

lithification

allows dead matter to become rock (fossils, limestone, fossil fuels), brings carbon into the rock cycle

metamorphism

materials are exposed to pressure and temperatures and that charges that type of rock into a different kind. metamorphic rock is created by metamorphism limestone becomes marble shale becomes slate

materials

natural solids from earth’s crust that form rocks, they are naturally occurring inorganic element or compound having an orderly internal structure and characteristic chemicals composition, crystal form, and physical properties.

rock

an aggregate of one or more minerals or a body of undifferentiated mineral matter.

why are minerals important

they provide key minerals for electronics, cell phones, and solar panels. They are also consumed by animals. As well as plants getting these minerals from rock and soil

what is the problem with rare earth metals

most come from mines in China and are not distributed across the globe. 2,000 tons of toxic waste is produced to process 1 ton of rare earth metals and often humans are exploited in the mining of these metals

what minerals are needed by plants and animals

calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, iron, copper, manganese, and zinc.

what is the big problem in Mongolia

the refining of rare metals produces waste sludge called mill tailings that contain hazardous waste and radioactive elements. This toxic waster is kept in toxic ponds and is causing crops and livestock to die and well as community members becoming sick

landforms

surface features of landscape

topography

the shape of the land

watershed

any area (both above ground and below) that drains to a particular water body. The largest in the US is the Mississippi River watershed. Precipitation falling inside this line is delivered to small stream or tributaries which join to form rivers

headwaters

start

mouth

end

how is the shape of a watershed changed

water flows into a drainage basin from elevated upstream areas know as hillslopes. As the water moves down hillslopes it eventually erodes the land gradually changing the shape of the watershed

floodplains

are low-lying areas that flood frequently when rivers overflow their banks slow the flow of the river and allow sediment to deposit. They are some of the most fertile areas for agriculture but they are often modified so they can control flooding

delta

a landform created where the mouth of the river deposits sediment load as it flows to the ocean

The Mississippi river dams

28 dams and locks to manage the flow and they changed the nature of the floodplain and allowed development to expand into flood-prone areas

how do landslides change the landscape

they move large amounts of sediment. The occurrence of these are increased with forestry practices and excavations

processes that shape the land

flowing water, glacial movement, wind, gradual gravitational pull floodplain development, overland flow, and runoff. Sediments generally originate in the headwater close to the source. These sediments are then transported by the river networks which connect the headwaters to depositional environments where sediment accumulated within floodplains, river deltas, and estuaries

a small stream that flows into a larger stream

tributary

a place along a stream where water drops straight down

waterfall

a letter that describes the shape of a typical mountain valley

V

the side of a stream

streambank

the bottom of a stream

streambed

A large S-shaped bend in a river

meander

a flat area next to the river

floodplain

a steep stream bank on the outside of a bend in the river

cutbank

a gently sloping deposit of sediments on the inside of a bend in the river

point bar

what happens to meanders over time

over time they become wider and the floodplain also becomes wider

what did we use to test the minerals in the lab

color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage and later density, mass and volume